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Oblivion and vengeance: Charles II Stuart’s policy towards the republicans at the Restoration of 1660

100%

Kaptur P.

Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies

2016

tom 14

The Restoration of Charles II Stuart in 1660 was reckoned in post-revolutionary England both in terms of a long-awaited relief and an inevitable menace. The return of the exiled prince, whose father’s disgraceful decapitation in the name of law eleven years earlier marked the end of the British monarchy, must have been looked forward to by those who expected rewards for their loyalty, inflexibility and royal affiliation in the turbulent times of the Interregnum. It must have been, however, feared by those who directly contributed to issuing the death warrant on the legally ruling king and to violating the irrefutable divine right of kings. Even though Charles II’s mercy was widely known, hardly anyone expected that the restored monarch’s inborn mildness would win over his well-grounded will to revenge his father’s death and the collapse of the British monarchy. It seems that Charles II was not exceptionally vindictive and was eager to show mercy and oblivion understood as an act of amnesty to those who sided with Cromwell and Parliament but did not contribute directly to the executioner raising his axe over the royal neck. On the other hand, the country’s unstable situation and the King’s newly-built reputation required some firm-handed actions taken by the sovereign in order to prevent further rebellions or plots in the future, and to strengthen the position of the monarchy so shattered by the Civil War and the Interregnum.

Návštěvy ad limina olomouckého biskupa Karla II. z Lichtensteinu-Castelcorna a jeho zprávy o stavu diecéze

72%

Parma T.

2017

tom 4

141-159

The aim of the paper is to briefly characterize the visits ad limina of the Olomouc Bishop Charles II. of Liechtenstein-Castelcorno and the contents of his reports on the state of the diocese, conserved in the Secret Vatican Archive. The Bishop executed seven visits ad limina during his long episcopate (1664–1695), in the years 1667, 1672, 1675, 1682, 1685, 1689 and 1693, always through the mediation of a procurator. After describing the visits and the reports conserved in the archives, the author analyses the structure and the content of the text of the conserved reports. The final part of the article is focused on three issues of violation of ecclesiastical immunity, evaluated by the Bishop himself as the principal obstacles of his pastoral activity in the diocese of Olomouc. The first one was the exclusion of the competency of ecclesiastical law courts in the cases of tithes by Emperor Ferdinand III, the second one the breaking of episcopal jurisdiction from the part of exempt religious orders (Benedictines, Cistercians and the Knights of Malta) during the procedure of nomination of parish priests in exempt parishes; the third great problem was the massive violation of freedom when contracting marriages of serfs by the proprietaries of the domains, which rejected the manumission of serfs and their transfers to the domain of an another proprietary.