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Większość arytmetyczna czy konkurencyjna? Konstytucja Stanów Zjednoczonych w myśli politycznej Johna Caldwella Calhouna

100%

Tulejski T.

Przegląd Sejmowy

2023

nr 4(177)

151-178

John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina who defended the interest of the Union southern states. Calhoun was one of staunch spokesmen of slavery, but in this article the author presents his constitutional and political thought. After the introduction of the Tariff of Abominations Calhoun became one of the most important actors in the nullification crisis and a defender of states’ rights, limited federal government and the right to nullify. Referring to the ideas of the Founding Fathers, Calhoun considered the Union as a union of sovereign states and he opposed the strengthening of the federal government. He rejected numerical democracy and advocated the introduction of a constitutional reform protecting minority from the tyranny of majority. He proposed the concept of a concurent majority, which took into account various interests and, consequently, defended the agricultural South from the industrial domination of the North. His reflections and warnings heavily influenced the South’s secession and the outbreak of the Civil War.

Depresja jako „choroba na śmierć” Próba ujęcia stanu depresji jako problemu egzystencjalnego w ramach filozofii Sørena Kierkegaarda

88%

Kunisz K.

Logos i Ethos

2013

nr 2(35)

55–79

Depression is not a popular philosophical problem, despite the fact that it is one of the most frequent psychopathologies nowadays. The aim of the article is to consider the problem of depression as a philosophical one in terms of Cheshire Calhoun’s analytic work on depression and S.ren Kierkegaard’s philosophy of despair and anxiety. The author shows that the state of depression is connected to the sick man’s failure to be a living being due to the process that Calhoun calls “the defeat of an agency”. Calhoun claims that a man stops to be an active person because his will is disengaged due to his feeling of estrangement from his normative outlook of self-conception, his disbelief in the effectiveness of instrumental reasoning and lack of confidence in one’s security from misfortune and harm. The permanent state of this defeat leads to being disengaged from one’s very roots of being a motivated person. At this point living the being is opened to despair and anxiety, which are the means of creating a state of being as a “defeated agency”. The analysis of Kierkegaard’s work brings a new perspective of depression. A depressed person is one who is possessed by despair and anxiety. The analysis of different forms of despair and anxiety bring new light to the process of becoming depressed. It shows that the depressed person is in a permanent state of being “cut off” from life. This perspective leads to the conclusion that depression could be seen as Kierkegaard’s „Sickness Unto Death”.