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Content available remote Reading Revolution on the Walls: Cairo Graffiti as an Emerging Public Sphere
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EN
The revolutionary and post-revolutionary period in Egypt created emerging and vivid public spheres that became communication milieus for various strata of society. Therein, new ideas and concepts were confronting old and established perceptions. Hereby, a genre of political graffiti in Cairo was formed, and within a comparatively short lapse of time it became an integral part of the revolution itself. Shortly graffiti started to be seen with glorified and romanticised connotations and graffiti artists were perceived as resistance fighters: primarily against the regime, thereafter against security forces and eventually against the Muslim Brotherhood. Their works were seen as tributes to revolution and its illustration. Although approaching graffiti as the dominateds resistance against the dominator indeed explains a wide realm of this societal conduct, it nevertheless regards graffiti only as a pro or counter statement. Therefore quite often, significant side-meanings and social perceptions on various issues are omitted. This paper explores Cairo graffiti not only as revolutionary narrative, but also as a prevailing public sphere where debate takes place. Analysing the side-messages that are drawn on the walls, helps to address social attitudes and public opinions on a variety of revolutionary and non-revolutionary issues. It employs various social sciences approaches and looks how the Cairo graffiti scene follows patterns of the notion defined as the public sphere.
EN
Estimation of seismic wave attenuation in the shallow crust in terms of coda wave Q structure previously investigated in the vicinity of Cairo Metropolitan Area was improved using seismograms of local earthquakes recorded by the Egyptian National Seismic Network. The seismic wave attenuation was measured from the time decay of coda wave amplitudes on narrow bandpass filtered seismograms based on the single scattering theory. The frequency bands of interest are from 1.5 to 18 Hz. In general, the values obtained for various events recorded at El-Fayoum and Wadi Hagul stations are very similar for all frequency bands. A regional attenuation law Qc = 85.66 f 0.79 was obtained.
PL
Historia Kairu to historia Egiptu. Od czasów przedfaraońskich do dziś miejsce to było areną ważnych wydarzeń politycznych, gospodarczych, religijnych i społecznych. Jak w soczewce skupiają się tutaj wszystkie etapy rozwoju Egiptu i zmiany, które zachodziły w nim przez tysiąclecia. Najbardziej widoczna jest oczywiście kultura islamska, szczególnie czytelna w niezwykłych zabytkowych budowlach okresu średniowiecza. Do najważniejszych dzielnic należy tzw. Stary (Historyczny) Kair będący od dziesięcioleci polem pracy konserwatorów i badaczy. Jednocześnie rozwój miasta – szczególnie demograficzny – widoczny we wszechobecnych budowach i  remontach stwarza wielkie zagrożenie dla zabytków oraz samego krajobrazu miasta naznaczonego zarówno historią, jak i duchem historycznego i współczesnego orientu.
EN
The history of Cairo is the history of Egypt. From the days of prePharaonic times till the present day this place was the arena of important political, economic, religious and social events. It focuses like a lens all stages of Egypt’s development and the changes that took place in it for millennia. Today the most visible is obviously Islamic culture, particularly evident in the unusual historic buildings of the medieval period. The most important areas so called Historical Cairo Quater, became since decades a huge working area for conservators and researchers. In the same time a development of the city – particularly demographic – visible in the ubiquitous construction sites and repairs became a  great threat to the monuments and the landscape of the city itself. The landscape crucially marked by both history and spirit of the Orient.
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