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CHILDHOOD - ADOLESCENCE - DEMOCRACY. CONTINGENCY, LOSS AND NORMALISATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF ADOLESCENCE IN MODERN SOCIETIES (Dziecinstwo-mlodosc-demokracja. Kontyngencja, zanik i normalizacja fenomenu mlodziezy w spoleczenstwach nowoczesnych)

100%

Benner D. , Stepkowski D.

Studia z Teorii Wychowania

2011

nr 2(3)

126-142

Contrary to appearances, childhood and adolescence are not only biological phenomena, but also, by any measure, something historical. As a result, they can and must be considered in the context of democracy. The article is divided into four parts. First, the authors recall that in the Greek paideia, childhood was barely subject to any consideration and that it was only in the Renaissance that there were changes in the concept of man, which led to the crystallization of the concept of modern childhood and youth. The second section reconstructs the meaning of the terms 'childhood' and 'adolescence' in the views of Jean Jacques Rousseau. The theme of the third part is the historicity of childhood, adolescence and adulthood, which the authors discuss against the backdrop of Neil Postman's thesis on the disappearance of childhood and adulthood. In the fourth and final section, the authors attempt - first of all - to clarify what really is disappearing forever, and what is lasting, despite transformation, and, secondly, to indicate the central issues in the relationship between childhood, adolescence, and democracy.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SELF-CONCEPT AND SELF-ESTEEM COMPONENTS

88%

Marčič R. , Kobal Grum D.

Studia Psychologica

2011

tom 53

nr 4

373 – 384

Scientific study of gender differences and similarities is critical to understanding human behaviour. In this research the authors focus on some key concepts of human functioning that are related to a vast number of phenomena: self-concept and its components. They included concepts about gender differences that have not been extensively examined, such as instability and contingency of self-esteem. 339 participants, aged from 19 to 63 years, filled out the following questionnaires: Adult Sources of Self-Esteem Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Instability of Self-Esteem Scale and Contingent Self-Esteem Scale. The results show that males and females do not differ in independent self-concept, self-esteem (level, stability, or contingency). Significant differences appeared mainly in the interdependent self-concept, which seems to show the effect of fundamental bio-socio-psychological influences. Other significant differences were in one aspect of independent self-concept and one aspect of contingent self-esteem.

Futura contingentia jako przedmiot wiedzy Boga. Stanowisko Jana Dunsa Szkota

75%

Filo-Sofija

2012

tom 12

nr 4(19)

53-74

The article concerns John Duns Scotus’ views on the problem of God’s knowledge of future contingents, presented by Scotus in his Lectura in librum primum Sententiarum d. 39, n. 1-93. He begins his analysis of the notion of God’s knowledge concerning the future events by criticizing two theories: first, the claim that the content of the idea of a thing, possessed by God, can include contingency of this thing; second, the claim that eternity of God is simultaneous with the flowing time as a whole, and therefore His knowledge of future contingents is the knowledge of present contingents. Duns Scotus presents his own conception in the form of the following claims: (1) there is contingency in the reality, however, we are not able to prove it; (2) the proximate second causes are not the causes of contingency in things; (3) the main cause of contingency in reality is God, precisely His will. Thus, contingency is not an imperfection because it is produced immediately by God. The article also presents Scotus’ theory of synchronic contingency. This conception explains the possibility of God’s contingent knowledge of contingent reality.