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Content available remote Německá a východní politika CDU/CSU za Erhardovy vlády
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Although both the international situation and the domestic course of events in the Federal Republic of Germany in the mid-1960s significantly changed as compared to the preceding decade, the CDU/CSU policies towards the countries of the Eastern bloc (including the GDR) had not undergone major changes. The main principles, already formulated under Konrad Adenauer in the mid-1950s, remained unchanged under the Erhard Government (1963-1966). However, as this study documents, CDU/CSU politicians were well aware of the fact that their policies no longer corresponded to the prevailing circumstances. They gradually adopted the view that it was no longer sufficient to be committed to the passive defence of the 1950's principles and to rely on their Western allies. For example, they considered negotiations with East Germany's politicians or civil servants on the possibility of the continued presence of Soviet troops on GDR territory even after the unification; on establishing diplomatic links with Eastern European states or the recognition of the border on the Oder and Nisa Rivers, at least until unification occurred. The main obstacle was that although many politicians would have been able to negotiate on at least one principle and offer minor concessions during their discussions with their Eastern partners, no sooner than a motion was raised then a majority of the party members would immediately organize themselves to protest vociferously against any such motion. Consequently, the CDU/CSU had not come to an agreement what should be done until the end of the Erhard Government. Pressure of public opinion was not strong enough and for this reason the CDU/CSU as a whole would not entertain any talk on the reforms of their German and Eastern policies. However, this does not mean that changes were not suggested by some individuals competent in foreign policy matters. On the contrary, many policy makers - convinced that changes to German and Eastern European policies were inevitable - submitted factual suggestions and called for widespread internal party discussion to take place at once. Using the example of the German and Eastern European policies of the CDU/CSU in the first half of the 1960s, this study demonstrates how important it is not to confuse the inability to act with 'ideological sterility' in the process of recapitulating and generalizing assessment. Even in places where a group might have stubbornly defended principles which did not correspond to the actual situation, one would usually find numbers of individuals calling for a change of direction. Yet, at the same time it is impossible to assess the political parties' shifts of attitude in terms of how far individuals proceded - it is necessary to start with how far a party as a whole or at least its leadership has travelled. For this reason, although this study concludes that no significant changes in German and Eastern European policies of the CDU/CSU occurred in the period under research, it would like to draw the readers' attention to the contemporary internal discussion which was quite compelling. In addition, a knowledge of internal party discussions contributes significantly to a proper understanding of the party's external behaviour.
EN
The CDU and CSU parties play a unique role in the political system of Germany, and more and more women from Christian democratic parties perform key political functions in the country. This phenomenon is an inducement to reflect upon the paths of career that lead women to the highest political positions. The main aim of the article is an attempt to answer the question on the influence of the family on the political career of the female leaders from the CDU and CSU parties. The group of persons studied included 53 female party members who in the years 1990-2017 performed leading functions in the two parties, political factions, the Bundestag and the federal government. In the course of the study the following sources, among others, were analyzed: interviews with the leading women politicians, the contents of their memoirs and websites as well as press publications about selected persons.
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This paper presents the positions of German Christian Democrat politicians towards the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and the impact they exert on the activities of the European Union and the Russian Federation. It presents a wide range of opinions and comments of Christian Democrat politicians regarding the political and economic rapprochement of Ukraine with the EU and the crisis in Ukraine between November 2014 and June 2015.
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Content available remote Germany and the Migration Crisis in the European Union in the Years 2011-2016
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EN
The aim of this research paper is to evaluate the position of Germany, including the federal government and the parliamentary opposition, as regards the migration crisis in the European Union in the years 2011‑2016. The first part of the article presents the course of the migration crisis in the presented time period. The second part discusses the evolution of the position of the governing coalition and the parliamentary opposition in Germany towards the first phase of the crisis in the years 2011‑2014. The third part has been dedicated to analysing the position of the federal government and the parliamentary opposition towards the second phase of the crisis in the years 2015‑2016. The fourth part presentsthe influence of the German government on the reform of the immigration and asylum policies, as well as the dynamics of the migration crisis in the European Union in the years 2015‑2016.The author formulates a research hypothesis that the federal government did not control the migration crisis in the European Union but rather acted impulsively, thereby contributing to its deepening.
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