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3 Biotechnologia

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Allelochemistry of carrot (Daucus carota L.)

100%

Lipok J.

Biotechnologia

2000

nr 3

100-105

Any different strategies used by higher plants to win the life competition, always involve chemical interactions between organisms. Allelochemicals are standard chemical weapons not only in the case of toxic plants; they are also present in common vegetables such as carrot. Numerous chemical compounds synthesised in carrot tissues, such as asarones, chlorogenic acid, trans-2-nonenal, and sesquiterpenes show allelopatic activity. Asarones are synthesised in carrot leaves and stems in varying quantity during the growth season. There are known examples of nemathocidal and herbicidal activity of these compounds. These phenylpropanoids also have a moderate influence on the insects behaviour. The results of in vitro studies showed fungicidal activity of asarones against several species of phytopathogenic fungi. Chlorogenic acid and trans-2-nonenal isolated from carrot roots show insecticidal activity against carrot fly (Psila rosae Fabr.) larvae. Carrot seed oil and its main sesquiterpen components as carotol, caryophyllen and caryophyllen oxide, exhibited herbicidal or fungicidal activity.

Obtaining homozygous carrot plants with the aid of androgenesis in anther cultures

75%

Gorecka K. , Krzyzanowska D. , Kiszczak W. , Kowalska U. , Gorecki R.

Biotechnologia

2008

nr 2

142-152

Experiments with anther cultures of 22 carrot cultivars were carried out to study the effect of various factors on the effectiveness of embryogenesis in these cultures. The factors included: the stage of microsporogenesis, genotype, training of donor plants and their growth conditions. A modified B5 medium (Gamborg, et al. 1968) containing 500 mg L-1 glutamine, 100 mg L-1 serine, 0.1 mg L-1 of 2,4D, 0.1 mg L-1 NAA, 100 g L-1 sucrose and 6.5 g L-1 agar were used to induce androgenesis. Regeneration was carried out on MS media and B5 with reduced concentration of sucrose at 20 g L-1 without aminoacids and hormones or with small amount of hormones. Substrates that were a mixture of various components, such as peat, sand, mineral wool and charcoal, were used for adaptation. Ploidy of the obtained plants was determined by cytometry method. Homozygosity of the plants was established using two isoenzymatic systems: PGI ? phosphoglucose isomerase, and AAT ? aspartate aminotransferase. Anatomical studies of embryogenesis during anther cultures were also carried out to confirm the androgenetic origin of embryos. It was found that the uninucleate stage was the most suitable time to stimulate microspores to produce embryos, and that bud length was a good external indicator of the stage of microsporogenesis. The studied cultivars differed in their ability to undergo androgenesis in vitro. It was shown that it was not necessary to remove all shoots and umbels except the main one. Generally, the embryos were obtained regardless of the way the donor plants were trained, even when the plants were not trained at all. The donor plants grown in a greenhouse produced more embryos than the plants grown in the field. On MS and B5 media without hormones, used to regenerate plants from embryos, secondary embryogenesis was found to take place followed by a conversion of embryos to complete plants, which subsequently resulted in better adaptation (more than 80% of plants became adapted). Cytometric studies revealed that more than 90% of the obtained androgenetic plants had a doubled chromosome complement. By analyzing the AAT and PGI isoenzymes, it was found that the obtained carrot androgenetic plants were homozygotes. Anatomical studies confirmed that embryos were formed from microspores.

Haploidization of vegetable crops

51%

Michalik B.

Biotechnologia

2001

nr 1

73-80

This review was prepared mainly on the basis of papers published after 1997. It describes the current knowledge on the use of gametic embryogenesis for haploid production in vegetable crops. Data on the results of research on androgenesis and gynogenesis are presented for different species, induction methods and factors affecting the efficiency of the processes.