Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Plutarch w Semeioseis gnomikai Teodora Metochitesa

100%

Jażdżewska K.

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nr 2

271-282

PL

Plutarch in Semeioseis gnomikai of Theodor Metochites The paper focuses on the reception of Plutarch’s Moralia in Theodore Metochites’ Semeioseis gnomikai. It discusses chapter 71 of Metochites’ work, one of several chapters focused on ancient authors, which is dedicated to Plutarch. Metochites praises Plutarch as a wise man and a philosopher and in particular approves of his character. According to Metochites, Plutarch was not tainted by the usual flaws of intellectuals such as envy and arrogance, but was motivated by a pure love of wisdom and generously acknowledged the achievements of his predecessors. Metochites interprets Plutarch’s erudition, polymathia, as a sign of a noble, high-minded nature, and therefore as evidence of moral virtue.

2

The Exiled Bishops of Constantinople from the Fourth to the Late Sixth Century

100%

Kosiński R.

Studia Ceranea

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2015

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tom 5

231-247

EN

A number of cases of the bishops of Constantinople exiled over a period until as late as the close of the 6th century prove the fact that the rulers would always make an effort to remove the deposed bishops from the City, even though relocating the latter to specific destinations did not always have to be the case. In the 4th century, the bishops could withdraw to suburban districts or settle at their own estates, and it was not until the 5th century that depositions of the metropolitan bishops would involve, in principle, being deported to a specific place of exile. The purpose behind banishing a bishop from the City and putting him under supervision at a certain location was to prevent him from exerting any influence on the faithful in Constantinople. It should be also noted that sending a person into exile was a form of punishment, especially when the destination was a remote location exposed to harsh weather conditions or the threat of sudden incursions by bands of nomads or brigands. Results of an analysis of the accessibility of exile destinations provide substantial evidence for an overwhelming proportion of inland urban localities. Although many of such places would be located along or near various roads, they were generally situated far from the coast or the main routes to Constantinople.

3

Byzantine Themes in Polish High School Liberal Arts Education

100%

Jurek K. , Kozieł J.

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tom 9

251-258

EN

The authors focus how Byzantine motifs are presented in the teaching of humanities subjects. The question of the presence of Byzantine motifs is essentially one about the presence of Byzantine heritage in Polish culture. With reference to two school subjects – Polish and History – the authors seek to establish what Polish school students are taught about the reach of Byzantine culture. Present-day teaching of both political and cultural history is underpinned by Occidentalism. Only occasionally is attention paid to the “Eastern” features of Poland’s past. A good example of this is the treatment of one of the most important Polish literary texts, the school perennial, Bogurodzica. This draws on Greek religious hymns, contain words originating in the Greek liturgy, and also alludes to a particular type of icon. Accordingly, the connections between the oldest Polish literary text and Byzantine culture are very clear. However, when classroom teachers discuss Bogurodzica with their pupils, detailing the above-mentioned features, are they aware that this text is an epitome of the presence of Byzantine motifs in Polish literature? Apparently not. With regard to the teaching of history, Byzantine motifs can be approached from at least three angles; in terms of imperial political events, in terms of religious (Eastern rite) aspects of Byzantine culture, and finally in terms of awareness of connections between Polish culture and Eastern rite Christianity, as well as Eastern nations and states viewed as heirs of Byzantine culture. In Polish history there has been a side-lining of the nation’s break with Eastern Christianity even though during certain periods this was the faith of half the Commonwealth’s inhabitants. The marginalisation of this topic does not simply impose a limit on knowledge but it prevents the understanding of particular aspects of our history.

4

The Burden, the Craving, the Tool. The Provisioning of the 10th Century Byzantine Army in the Light of Leo’s Tactica and Sylloge Tacticorum

100%

Wierzbiński S.

Studia Ceranea

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2020

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tom 10

473-498

EN

It seems obvious that 10th century was a period in which the Byzantine polemology flourished once again, before it collapsed one hundred years later. During that period numerous authors of Byzantine military treaties instructed imperial commanders how to wage war. Among many issues organization of the campaign was always an important aspect. In this paper I will try to clarify selected problems. First, I will try to specify what the soldiers ate on a daily basis. Next, I will determine to what extent the provisioning system met the expectations and needs of the Byzantines fighting for the empire. With the help of Tactica and Sylloge Tacticorum, I will try to explain how the rations were gathered, transported and protected. Finally, I will specify how the supplies were utilized not only as a means of nourishment, but also as a tool of war. The following research was carried out on the basis of military treaties from the 10th century, since this time was the peak of Byzantine military revival. Although I mainly base my research on the work of Leon the Wise and the anonymous treaty known as Sylloge Tacticorum, I also occasionally refer to other works, such as Peri Strategias, De velitatione and Praecepta Militaria.

5

The Chieftains of the Eastern Roman Empire in Light of the Chronicle of Marcellinus Comes

100%

Wierzbiński S.

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2022

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tom 12

779-788

EN

It is clear that while Chronicle of Marcellinus Comes belongs to most important works from the 6th century, there is significant problem with indicating his personal attitude towards the discussed characters and the described events. The following text is an attempt to answer the question why some of the warlords and generals mentioned in Marcellin’s chronicle were shown positively and others not. It seems that the key to the chronicler’s assessment of a given person was his origin, attitude to imperial authority and actual influence on the most important events of the era in which he lived.

6

The meaning of the nursing in Byzantium

100%

Kourkouta L. , Plati P. , Ouzounakis P.

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nr 1

175-178

EN

History reminds us that the care in Byzantium constitutes a unique example for all of human history and civilization. The Byzantine period is specifically of interest for its approach to social welfare and organized care for the sick, the elderly, mothers, and children. Byzantine hospitals were so well organized that they may be compared with contemporary ones. Nursing care was administered mostly by nuns and monks as a form of prayer and as an expression of love and worship of God. On this basis, nursing developed into a calling and a sacred service. During the Byzantine period, knowledge spread across the world, the social position of nursing was elevated, and the spiritual aspect of healing was emphasized.

7

Bizancjum jako ideał skazany na unicestwienie i sensotwórcza miłość w cyklu poetyckim O dziełach miłości albo Bizancjum Ivana V. Lalicia

100%

Maszkiewicz M.

Slavia Occidentalis

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2017

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nr 74/2

77-88

PL

The goal of this article is to interpret the two motifs indicated in the title which intertwine in the poetic series Of the Works of Love, or Byzantium by Ivan V. Lalić, a Serbian poet. Perception of Byzantium as a reality which, having reached perfection, is annihilated and of love as a meaning-giving category connects with a coherent vision in the author’s entire work. The reflections presented in this article provide an impetus to comprehend the series in question, and Lalić’s entire poetry.

8

Connections between the Mediterranean and the Carpathian Basin inthe 8th century AD. On the hinged strap-ends of the Late Avar Period

88%

Szenthe G.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2013

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tom XLVIII

195-225

EN

The paper examines hinged strap-ends adopted from mediterranean sources into the material culture of the Avar Period carpathian basin (7th–8th centuries Ad). According to the common patterns in the local use of several formal or technical elements the appearance of the hinged strapends inter alia in the Avar context must be related to direct and contemporaneous contacts with the mediterranean. Two levels of communication could be identified in the archaeological material. if hinges generate more complex variations of object types embedded in simpler form in the common material culture of the same period, the mediator was most probably the late Avar elite, deriving a material culture from an elite communication that was not structured primarily by geographical distances. A second group of hinged strap-ends clustering at the borders, but principally in the western region of the carpathian basin, are largely independent of the common Avar types. Their characteristics, alien in the local context, originated from direct interregional exchange with the neighbouring mediterranean peripheries.

9

Dagger and Combat Knife in Bagratid Armenia (Late 9th–Mid 11th Century)

88%

Dymydyuk D.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2023

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nr 1-2 (285-286)

31-42

EN

The article analyzes the Armenian short-bladed edged weapons (cold weapons) of the Bagratid era (late 9th–mid 11th centuries). The author distinguishes two types of such weapons – daggers and combat knives, which were used as backup weapons after the loss of the main one on the battlefield or as the main weapon of personal defense in everyday life, which is especially emphasized in the Armenian chronicles of the time. It is noted that there are practically no references to daggers (դաշույն – dashuyn) in written sources, but there are descriptions of knives (դանակ– danak) used for combat purposes. The author analyzes pictorial sources depicting knives (miniatures “The Kiss of Judah” (11th century) and “The Sacrifice of Isaac” (10th century), as well as reliefs from the Holy Cross Cathedral on Aghtamar Island (915–921), where commoners, fighting against animals, possibly hold combat knives or daggers. The criteria for distinguishing between combat and household blades have been developed, thanks to which, among the entire array of archaeological material, we have identified and described one dagger from Dvin (9th century) that had a combat purpose, taking into account its size, large width, and length of the blade.

10

Polityka cara Kałojana wobec Konstantynopola

88%

Antczak M.

Slavica Lodziensia

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2018

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tom 2

133-140

EN

The short reign of Bulgarian tsar Ivan III Kaloyan was determined mostly by his policies towards different rulers of Constantinople – firstly, the Byzantine Angelos dynasty, then the crusaderbased Latin Empire. However, during the first years (1197–1204), his main aim was reunification of the newly liberated state and consolidation of power. Kaloyan achieved this goal by his skillful selection of allies and proper approach to the Papacy as the by-time European superpower. Only having his basic interests secured, Kaloyan launched a campaign to conquer Constantinople and replace Byzantium with a new Greco-Slavonic state – firstly in co-operation with the Latin knights of the Fourth Crusade, then acting against them as a self-proclaimed protector of the Byzantine heritage. Unfortunately, in this period (1204–1207) Bulgarian ruler’s political calculations proved to be often wrong, which – in combination with his distrust towards the Greek population – resulted in his eventual failure and assasination.

PL

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11

Normans and Other Franks in 11th Century Byzantium: the Careers of the Adventurers before the Rule of Alexius I Comnenus

88%

Wierzbiński S.

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tom 4

277-288

EN

The paper examines the Frankish presence in Byzantium during 11th century. It was stressed that the mentioned period was the time of a great influx of westerners to the East. At first, most of them visited Constantinople as pilgrims during return journey from the Holy Land. The author points out that the term Franks (Frankoi) was basically attributed to the Eastern Franks/Germans, while in the course of time the Byzantines started to use it to identify rather Western Franks (i.e. French, Normans, Burgundians etc.). The author studies the circumstances in which the new mercenaries and adventurers meet the Empire, trying to define the reason of their success. Another issue investigated in the text is the extent to which Franks got promoted within the social hierarchy in Byzantium during the 11th century. Finally, the author argues that before the presence of great families such as Petraliphai, Raoul or Rogerioi there was at least one house of Frankish descent, which was raised significantly earlier and whose founder was Herve Frankopoulos.

12

Ingvar the Far-Travelled: between the Byzantium and Caucasus. A Maritime Approach to Discussion

88%

Böhm M.

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tom 9

143-155

EN

The Journey to the East of the Viking Ingvar the Far-Traveled is one of the events that fit into the history of medieval relations of the Scandinavians with the world of Byzantium. It was a fateful expedition taking place between 1036 and 1041, and to this day it is a source of many controversies and speculations of researchers. The findings of the present paper suggest that the journey did not necessarily proceed to the lands of the Saracens or Byzantium but may have been part of the game played by Constantinople with its ally Tmutarkan, which opposed Jaroslav the Wise, these events unfolding in the north-eastern waters of the Black Sea.

13

Emperor Basil II and the Awarding of Byzantine Honorific Titles to Bulgarians in the Course of the Conquest of Bulgaria (976–1018)

88%

Kanev N.

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tom 9

455-473

EN

This article examines the question about the policy of honouring members of the Bulgarian imperial family and Bulgarian aristocracy with Byzantine honorific titles pursued by Emperor Basil II Boulgaroktonos (976–1025) in the course of the conquest of Bulgaria. It outlines the scale of this policy of Basil II – its goals and the reasons for adopting it. A review of the place and the importance of the particular titles in the rank hierarchy of Byzantium is presented. The comparison with other regions and cases of conferring Byzantine honorific titles clearly shows how crucially important the conquest of Bulgaria was: it is evident from the concessions the Emperor was ready to make to the Bulgarian ruling elite.

14

“The Navigators”. Mediterranean Cities and Urban Spaces in the Passage from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages (ca. 600 – ca. 850 CE)

88%

Zavagno L.

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2022

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tom 13

165-187

EN

The aim of the paper is to reassess urban trajectories in the Mediterranean during the passage from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages. This will be done by focusing on the sites of Amorium, Gortyn, Eleutherna, and Comacchio, places which transcend both the terrestrial and maritime, and the political and military frontiers of the Byzantine empire and the Umayyad Caliphate. Archaeology and material culture will be used – in a comparative perspective – to dissect urban bodies in terms of use of space and function of spatial relationship. This is in order to document the construction of urban models, structures, and infrastructures, which, although often stemming from diverse centralized political and administrative policies, nevertheless accommodated common, cross-cultural developments, including the creation of commercial and artisanal facilities, construction or restoration of religious buildings as foci of settlement, and resilience of local elites as a catalyst of patronage and levels of demand. Particular attention will be given to the role of public spaces as the frame of reference. Indeed, such spaces will be used to show how artistic and architectural displays operated, cultural assumptions could be (re-) discussed, and different types of buildings coexisted. In this respect, the paper will also explore the continuous importance of civic infrastructures and religious buildings as pillars of a yet coherent urban fabric, representatives of the power and wealth of local city-oriented elites, and conveyors of political, artistic, and spatial symbolism, as mutually recognized and experienced by the communities frequenting seventh-to-ninth century eastern Mediterranean urban spaces.

15

Rus and Khazars

88%

Howard-Johnston J.

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2023

|

tom 13

381-418

EN

The southern thrust of the Rus in the ninth–tenth centuries is to be explained not only by Viking hunger for wealth and glory, but also by the large, rapidly growing market for furs in the Caliphate. In order to reach that market, the Rus had to cross the Khazars’ sphere of influence in the steppes and wooded steppes of the Volga and Don regions. The khaganate was a great power, which presided over many client peoples. It was perhaps awareness of the potential threat posed by the Rus which prompted the Khazars to improve their northern defences in the 830s. There is clear evidence that they then extended their authority over the Rus, their khagan being acknowledged as Rus ruler. The subsequent history of the Rus, up to their successful rebellion in 965, can only be understood if account is taken of Khazar influence and of wider geopolitical circumstances. The following propositions, all to some extent conjectural, are put forward: (1) that the first Rus attack on Constantinople in 860 was a show of force, timed to coincide with several Arab raids on Byzantine territory, and that it was initiated by the Khazars at the urging of the central Abbasid authorities; (2) that Byzantium was seeking a useful ally both against the Balkan Bulgars and against the Sajids of Azerbaijan, when it offered substantial trade concessions to the Rus in 911, that no objection was made by the Khazars, who had recently faced problems from the Oghuz Turks and their Pecheneg clients, and that the treaty resulted in a damaging Rus raid in the Caspian region after 912–913; (3) that there was a serious deterioration in Khazar-Byzantine relations in the 920s; (4) that the second Rus attack on Constantinople in 941 (this time in great force) was instigated by the Khazars, in response to an abortive Rus rebellion; and (5) that the Rus subsequently patched up relations with the Khazars, who allowed them to invade Azerbaijan in 944–945, and made peace with the Byzantines, signing a new trade treaty in 944. Apart from some evidence of assimilation of Khazar customs, it was the division of the Rus into twenty or so distinct principalities which was the principal longterm outcome of Khazar influence.

16

Úvodní poznámky k typologii lineární ornamentiky

88%

Kubík V.

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nr 1

167-303

EN

This paper focuses on the development of various types of drawn linear ornamentation and the changes in their functions in the manuscripts of late antiquity, Byzantium (to the 15th century) and the Latin West (up to and including the 11th century). This subject is examined in a comparison of the above cultural spheres and within the context of decoration in period applied art (particularly gold and textile work) and monumental painting and sculpture associated with architecture. The basics are also outlined for a study of the linear decoration of gothic manuscripts, which will be covered in another paper.

17

Typologie iniciál a základy systému výzdoby středověkých rukopisů

88%

Kubík V.

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nr 1

113-241

EN

The paper studies the typology of the initials following the way of construction of their corpus in the mutual ties in the development – departing from the late antique, considering the Byzantine and Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque types. The modifications of the initials are studied together with the changes of their function in the decoration system and in the cultural-historical context. The contribution also studies the changes of the terminology connected with the typology of the initials.

18

Marian Wesoły’s Greek Philosophy in Byzantium

87%

Jaworska-Wołoszyn M.

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nr 1

447-458

EN

Marian Wesoły devoted a considerable part of his life and research to studying the philosophical thought of antiquity. He is, therefore, widely known to scientific community as an admirer of Hellas, outstanding scholar and expert on ancient philosophy, which is reflected in his many publications in the field. Importantly, however, Marian Wesoły, has also been a pioneer of research into a much lesser known field of research, namely Greek philosophy in Byzantium. While this neglected and often disdained area of research has been the subject of Marian Wesoły’s numerous publications, this article presents an over view of his most important findings.

PL

Marian Wesoły devoted a considerable part of his life and research to studying the philosophical thought of antiquity. He is, therefore, widely known to scientific community as an admirer of Hellas, outstanding scholar and expert on ancient philosophy, which is reflected in his many publications in the field. Importantly, however, Marian Wesoły, has also been a pioneer of research into a much lesser known field of research, namely Greek philosophy in Byzantium. While this neglected and often disdained area of research has been the subject of Marian Wesoły’s numerous publications, this article presents an over view of his most important findings.

19

Geneza i ewolucja relacji państwo – Kościół w Bizancjum

76%

Doroszkiewicz W.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

|

2016

|

nr 10

17-24

EN

Practicaly until today there haven’t appeared objectiv scientific works concerning begining and evolution of the byzantine monarchy. Christian Church after 300 years of awful persecutions came out of the underground and had to find itself in the new reality, had to decide whether reconcile and cooperate with the society, or isolate from the fallen world, as had done sects, and save chosen. Church chose the first option and took responsibility for the salvation of the world. In reality the emperor, the recent persecutor of the Church, must have persuaded christians, that he himself was not only their friend but good-doer also. Therefore in the 4th century beside the Church of the eschatological character appeared a new power of a temporary character. History of the Eastern Roman Empire is also the history of the relationship between Church and the empire focused on the earthly dimension of its mission. The very symbol of this relationship was famous byzantine eagle as a representation of one body and two different ideological trends. However those relations had not always been ideal, more or less those two bodies existed through the period of 1100 years on the principle of symphonia-agreement. After the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, Church by the will of God survived in order to continue its mission of salvation of the fallen world.

PL

Practicaly until today there haven’t appeared objectiv scientific works concerning begining and evolution of the byzantine monarchy. Christian Church after 300 years of awful persecutions came out of the underground and had to find itself in the new reality, had to decide whetherreconcile and cooperate with the society, or isolate from the fallen world, as had done sects, and save chosen. Church chose the first option and took responsibility for the salvation of the world. In reality the emperor, the recent persecutor of the Church, must have persuaded christians, that he himself was not only their friend but good-doer also. Therefore in the 4th century beside the Church of the eschatological character appeared a new power of a temporary character. History of the Eastern Roman Empire is also the history of the relationship between Church and the empire focused on the earthly dimension of its mission. The very symbol of this relationship was famous byzantine eagle as a representation of one body and two different ideological trends. However those relations had not always been ideal, more or less those two bodies existed through the period of 1100 years on the principle of symphonia-agreement. After the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, Church by the will of God survived in order to continue its mission of salvation of the fallen world.

20

Ромеи – только жители империи или народность in statu nascendi?

75%

Bonarek J.

Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia

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2012

|

tom 4

EN

Byzantium, the heir of the Roman Empire, is an excellent example of the multiethnic state of the medieval Europe. The multiethnic Byzantium was based on the Roman law, Christian faith and Greek culture, and the inhabitants of the Empire considered themselves as the legal successors of the civium Romanorum. The Byzantine, that is “Romei”, was officially every resident confessing the orthodox religion and belonging to the Christian Greek culture. Nevertheless, the question remains as to whether the Byzantine word “Romei” refers to the general concern only, devoid of any ethnic element.

PL

Византия, наследник Римской империи, является отличным примером многоэтнического государства средневековой Европы. Многоэтническая Византия основывалась на римском праве, христианском вероисповедании и греческой культуре, а жители Империи считали себя законными преемниками civium Romanorum. Византийцем, то есть ромеем, официально был каждый житель, признающий ортодоксальное вероисповедание и принадлежащий к христианско-греческой культуре. Тем не менее открытым остаётся вопрос – имел ли в Византии этноним «ромей» исключительно упомянутое общественное значение, без этнического оттенка.