Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Zur Rezeption der deutschen Meditationsliteratur im tschechischen protestantischen Milieu des Späthumanismus

100%

Malura J.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2013

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tom 27

75-102

EN

The study deals with early modern literary works whose purpose was to improve the private devotion of the laity. In German-speaking lands, the term used for this genre is Erbauungsliteratur; in Czech-speaking lands it is called nábožensky vzdělavatelná literature (religious educational literature). There was a real boom of this type of literature in the German-speaking Protestant countries from the 1580s. This paper analyses how printed production in the Czech language coped with this phenomenon. It focuses primarily on books in which the genre of mediation dominates, and explores the prompt reaction to two authors active between approximately 1580–1620 who found intensive response in the Bohemian Lands. One was the non-conformist writer Martin Moller (1547–1606), whose activity was connected primarily with Lower Silesia. His two books written in German were published in Czech as early as 1593. One was the První díl Meditationes (First Part of Meditationes), compiled predominantly from the meditations of medieval mystics (translated by Tobiáš Mouřenín of Litomyšl); the other a volume of Passiontide meditations, Soliloqvia de Passione Iesu Christi (translated by Daniel Adam of Veleslavín). Our second author is the influential theologian of Lutheran orthodoxy Johann Gerhard (1582–1637), who worked mainly at the university in Jena and wrote in Latin. Gerhard's contemplative work was issued in a Czech version for the first time in 1616, under the title Padesátero přemyšlování duchovní (Fifty spiritual meditations). It was translated by the otherwise unknown burgher Pavel Lykaon Kostelecký from the Old Town of Prague. Gerhard uses impact of affects and elaborate rhetoric, and understands meditation as the comfort and healing of the sick soul. The dominant aim of the books analysed was not denominational influence, but the deepening of the burgher's private spiritual life and his self-improvement. The translations at the same time raise Czech religious prose to a new stylistic level, founded on linguistic expressiveness. The impulses of German contemplative literature later bore fruit in the work of Comenius, especially in his so called consolation writings of the 1620s and 1630s. From the 1710s, further interest in the more sophisticated writings on meditation can be traced in the Czech and Slovak environment, that is, among the Protestant exiles and Lutherans in Upper Hungary.

2

‘Kto Bogu wiernie służy, temu wiek szczęśnie płuży’: Czech-Polish Relations in Light of the Album Amicorum of the Moravian Calvinist Jan Opsimathes

100%

Kostlán A.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2009

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tom 22-23

59-97

EN

This study is based on an analysis of Moravian Calvinist Jan Opsimathes’s book of friends (cca. 1568–after 1620), housed today at the British Library in London at the shelf mark Eg. 1220. The album contains roughly 590 entries spanning the years 1598–1620 and represents a valuable source for the study of the contacts between the Czech Lands and intellectual and political Calvinism across Europe. At the core of the study is an analysis of the album’s entries authored by individuals originating from Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Lithuania, Livonia and other lands falling within the Polish king’s sphere of influence. The author was able to find a total of 21 such individuals. They encountered Opsimathes at Swiss, Dutch and German academies and universities, during his travels in France and, exceptionally, in Prague and Moravia. Although most of them were of noble origins, they differed considerably with regard to aristocratic descent, economic status, ranks attained and political sway. At one end was a group of lesser nobles and intellectuals; in the middle a group of relatively wealthy regional aristocrats; and at the other end a group of Polish, Lithuanian and Livonian notables (Andrzej and Rafał Leszczyński, Jan Radzimiński, Mikołaj Abramowicz and Magnus Ernest Denhoff ). Their common unifying trait was their close adhesion to the Calvinist confession and, in certain instances, the Polish branch of the Unity of the Brethren. The study also offers new information on the life of Jan Opsimathes based on freshly unearthed sources.

3

Anselmus Boëtius de Boodt, Pansophie und Alchemie

100%

Purs I.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2004

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tom 18

43-90

EN

This article attempts to determine the place of the late Humanist physician and natural scientist Anselmus Boetius de Boodt (1550-1632) in the context of Rudolfine knowledge. Above all, it analyses his encyclopaedic work 'Gemmarum et lapidum historia' (Hanau 1609), which he wrote during his stay at the Rudolfine court. De Boodt's systematic mineralogical classification is characteristic by its critical work with earlier authors, by the emphasis on empiricism and by logical assessment which stems from the Scholastic interpretation of Aristotle's concept of nature. In the context of early 17th-century pansophy and natural science, de Boodt tended towards an analytical and exact course. His empiricism, which rests on experimental and verifiable experience, his resistance to magic and his original cosmology based on deep religious convictions regarding the forming divine spirit are very different from two important expressions of Rudolfine natural science: Croll's medicine, based on the Paracelsian system of correspondences, and Kepler's Platonising cosmology. In spite of their proclaimed rationality, however, de Boodt's experiments were still influenced by period magical thought. The study further considers the more specialised theme of de Boodt's relationship to alchemy - his interpretation of the relationship between light and precious stones, his rejection of the Paracelsian doctrine of signatures, and his position to the various directions taken by contemporary alchemy. His position with regard to transmutational alchemy was pragmatic and theoretically not clear cut, oscillating between admitting the possibility of transforming silver into gold, to the rejection of the idea that metals could be reduced to their primal matter. According to the report of the French alchemist Nicolas Barnaud (1538 - pre-1607), de Boodt supposedly successfully experimented with the transformation of mercury into gold. At the same time, it is characteristic of de Boodt that he interprets nature and human experience and their principles on the basis of the principle of 'identity' rather than on that of 'analogy', which was the basis of alchemical thought. The lack of clarity in de Boodt's relationship to alchemy is also expressed in the symbolism of his personal device.

4

Spanish in the Czech Lands at the Time of J. A. Comenius

100%

Binková S.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2007

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tom 20-21

107-132

EN

The significance and propagation of Spanish in the Czech Lands grew in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thanks to the political state of affairs and the dynasticties in place, it was spoken in the court sphere as well as among family members of certain aristocratic families and it was disseminated in communication among the Catholic elites. Its use is on record in official and personal correspondence as well as in journal entries. There is an abundance of books in Spanish in Bohemian and Moravian libraries – both secular and ecclesiastic. Most of them were printed abroad (in Spain, but also in Portugal, Italy and the Netherlands), though some were printed in Prague. Closer investigation has shown that Bohemian-Spanish contacts were more plentiful in concrete cases than was generally adjudged. For this reason, more research is necessary, particularly in the noble families’ archives and in the collections of printed books. Jan Amos Comenius was born into and lived in this environment and although he himself was determined by his non-Catholic religious orientation and his subsequent exile, he also manifested a marked interest in the Spanish and Spanish-American world and its languages. This may be seen in his Janua linguarum, a creative adaptation of a linguistic work by Irish Jesuits, which was published in Salamanca, Spain, in 1611.

5

Die Schulen der Brüderunität in Böhmen und Mähren als Objekt adliger Studieninteressen in der Zeit vor der Schlacht am Weißen Berg

100%

Holý M.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2010

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tom 24

43-71

EN

This paper is an attempt, on the basis of an analysis of different kinds of sources (diplomatic, personal, literary and so on), to comprehend the role of the Bohemian Brethren schools in the upbringing and education of the upper classes of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Margravate of Moravia and, to a lesser extent, of the foreign nobility. After a general introduction, in which the author establishes the growing interest of domestic aristocracy about this denominationally specific type of school in Bohemia and Moravia in the context of the inner development of the Brethren schools, he tracks specific educational institutes of the Unitas Fratrum for which there are records of students from the aristocracy during the sixteenth and first decade of the seventeenth century. Other issues are also dealt with: the content of the study in the schools, the reasons for the choice of a specific school, the composition in terms of the nationality, language, society and confession of the noble pupils, and so on. Last but not least, the study aims to answer the question of how the education of the domestic nobility in the schools of the Unitas Fratrum contributed towards their denominational orientation. In the conclusion of the contribution the author points out some possibilities for further research into this issue.

6

Der Homo migrans der Frühen Neuzeit. Die böhmischen Exulanten und die neuere deutsche Migrations- und Exilforschung

100%

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2011

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tom 25

221-240

EN

The aim of this article is to present the results of the most recent German, i.e. German-language, research on the theme of Early Modern Period exile and migration, in which emphasis is placed on the Bohemian post-White Mountain exile. Specialist literature on the theme of the Bohemian post-White Mountain exile is discussed at the beginning of the study, with a short excursus on the concept itself of "exile", in which a concise overview of the state of research is submitted with the aim of drawing attention chiefl y to various instrumentalisations of this concept, as well as to the "success" of the whole research paradigm. Three dissertations have appeared very recently, devoting themselves in particular to the issue of Early Modern exile. A number of papers have also been published in specialist journals and conference proceedings. The study presents in addition the results and tendencies of research which deal on a more general level with themes of Early Modern Period denominational migration and religiously motivated exile. In recent years, research into the Early Modern Period has brought not only new approaches, concepts and methods, but also thematic expansion and several discussions devoted to terminology.

7

Der Konvertit und Exulant Jiří Holík und seine antikatholischen Schriften

100%

Ryantová M.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2011

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tom 25

199-219

EN

The paper deals with the life and activities of Jiří František Holík, who came from a non-Roman Catholic Bohemian family. His education was nevertheless entrusted to the Jesuits and he eventually became a member of the Dominican Order, where he worked as a censor. In 1666 he escaped to Zittau, after which he tried to work as a Lutheran preacher, studied in Wittenberg and was granted the favour of Protestant theologians and nobility. His activity as a preacher and his eff orts to acquire a position was however unsuccessful, coming up against mistrust regarding his past. He therefore left for Prussian Königsberg and eventually settled in Riga, where he became known mainly as the author of books on fruit growing which were reprinted a number of times over the next fi fty years. However, while working in Saxony he also published several strongly anti-Catholic oriented works in German about the persecution of non-Catholics in Bohemia, and one in Swedish published in Uppsala. The last of these polemical works came out in 1679 in Amsterdam. The paper summarises all previously known information about these writings, which today survive only in single copies, and serves as an introduction to further detailed examination. It is clear that all the works are similar and moreover derive from Comenius' Historie o těžkých protivenstvích (The History of the Bohemian Persecution), in some cases appropriating not only information but even entire passages. In spite of the fact that Jiří Holík's anti-Catholic writings defi nitely do not qualify as impartial documentation of the situation after the Battle of the White Mountain and developments in Bohemia, they present unusually interesting evidence concerning the intellectual world of an exile and convert trying to fi nd a role and some support for himself in his new situation.

8

Der eschatologische Ton in den Vorworten der Drucke Veleslavíns. Zur Position der Eschatologie als Quelle der Ethik im späthumanistischen Diskurs

100%

Storchova L.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2004

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tom 18

7-41

EN

This article analyses the position of eschatology as a source of ethics in historiography and the production of editions by the Veleslavin circle. The main issues include the appearance of eschatological and religious arguments in the Veleslavin texts, their marked entry into period discourse and the possible consequences for the Veleslavin ethics of the self. In comparison with earlier historiographic works of the 16th century, this central position of religious topics in the Veleslavin concept of history is a new phenomenon, at the root of which lies a strong eschatological unease, clear in particular in the forewords to the two 'Ecclesiastical histories' (Historia cirkevni, 1594), the 'Jewish History of Josephus Flavius' (Historia zidovska, 1592) and the 'Two Chronicles of the Foundation of the Czech Land' (Kroniky dve o zalozeni zeme ceske, 1585). In the first part of the article the authoress delineates the position of religion in the broader Veleslavin reflection of history, and devotes attention to the question of how the religious level enters the argumentation of the Veleslavin forewords, setting out the historicity of the basic ethical categories (e.g. the rule of life). She further assesses the inspirational source of the Veleslavin argumentation, which is Philippist conception of history and its specific themes (e.g. the 'anni fatales'), and its eschatologically oriented reformulation in the Veleslavin production. In a later part of the text the authoress presents the constitution of ethics based on eschatology and religious arguments in connection with the proclaimed abandonment of the Neo-Latin Humanist model of formal and linguistic normatives. In conclusion, the authoress casts doubt on the sense of the question of to what to ascribe this radical shift towards eschatological themes and religious argumentation in models of ethics (e.g. in association with the paradigm of confessionalisation), and offers as an opportunity for interpretation a concentration on the Veleslavin ethics of the self, which she understands as the internal context of the eschatological tone in the corpus of texts linked to the printworks. The rule of life and its anchoring in historiography can in this connection be understood as a collection of techniques forming and leading the self, which makes the self the subject of ethical experience and negotiation; in consequence, this enables incorporation into a functional social whole. The process of Foucauldian subjectivation offers a new interpretational framework for the explanation of other texts from the Veleslavin output as well.

9

Schwieriges Miteinander: der israelitische Kultusverein in Ungarisch-Hradisch (1866–1891)

100%

Baránek D.

Prager wirtschafts- und sozialhistorische Mitteilungen - Prague Economic and Social History Papers

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2015

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tom 21

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nr 1

55-73

EN

Different opinions are a natural part of each human community and this is the case of the Jewish community in Uherské Hradiště in the second half of the 19th century, too. The conflicts in this newly founded community were of many kinds: from opinion differences as for management of the Jewish religious community to a struggle to reform a synagogical liturgy and personal aversion of particular members of the community. By means of an analysis of several disputes the author shows that they escalated mainly at the moment when the chairman of the Jewish religious community took advantage of his power and did not hear the criticism. His opponents then turned to various institutions with their complaints as for violations of the society statutes. The authorities nevertheless would refuse to deal with these internal conflicts, that is why the critics would leave the society and then use their energy in founding a new Jewish institution of an educational or charity character. Leaving the Jewish religious society however did not mean leaving the whole Jewish community or founding an alternative Jewish community, but it stood for a decentralization of the community due to which the friction areas within it could have been weakened. When the conflicts inside the Uherské Hradiště Jewish society calmed down these alternative institutions could be then integrated into the Jewish religious society. The article helps then to differentiate some important internal mechanisms but also to find out what a character the discussions about the direction of local Judaism had.

10

Bohemian Non- Catholics and Languedoc nouveaux convertis: Prophetic and Sectarian Movements in a Comparative Perspective

100%

Hajdinová E.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2013

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tom 27

139-173

EN

The culminating confessional rivalries in the early 17th century provided fertile ground in much of Europe, especially Central Europe, for visions of the imminent End of the World and Christ's Second Coming. This paper offers a new perspective for the well-known topic and compares the eschatological visions in the 17th and 18th centuries of the Bohemian non-Catholics and emigrants on the one hand and the secret Huguenots on the other. While the belligerent apocalyptic visions in the Bohemian environment saw a turning point and an opportunity to overthrow the Antichrist in the imminent coming of an allied Protestant ruler destined by God and this continued until the end of the 18th century, the French Protestant prophecies appealed almost exclusively to the glory of Christ and his rule on Earth. Despite significant differences in the religious practice and historical contexts of the two cases, we observe not only very similar physical manifestations in the prophets' behaviour but also, thanks to these ideas, a renewal of the declining piety of the believers and the reactivation of the underground religious movement. In both environments the apocalyptic visions have been heavily criticized by legal ecclesiastical authorities in exile. Disciplinary interventions against these heterodox ideas had however a completely different result, playing a significant role in the process of legalization of Protestant worship at the end of the period in question.

11

“Regulating Prostitution and Controlling Venereal Disease in the Bohemian Lands at the End of the ‘Long’ Nineteenth Century”

88%

Wingfield N. M.

Prager wirtschafts- und sozialhistorische Mitteilungen - Prague Economic and Social History Papers

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2014

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tom 20

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nr 2

7-25

EN

This article analyzes the regulation of prostitution and attempts to control venereal disease in the Bohemian Lands at the end of the “long” nineteenth century, a time when arguments over prostitution raged among abolitionists, feminists, members of the bourgeois women’s movement, neo-regulationists, and others who debated whether prostitution should be tolerated, legalized, or abolished. Between 1899 and 1910, trafficking in women and “venereal peril”, issues intimately associated with prostitution, were internationalized. Attitudes toward prostitution varied among Habsburg-police and bureaucrats, but there was broad support for confining prostitutes in closed bordellos. The discussion highlighted the contrast between the ineffectiveness of regulation in the large and increasingly anonymous metropolises in Habsburg Central Europe, like Prague and Vienna, where the vice squads were allegedly rife with corruption, and the efficacy of regulation in small-to-medium-sized towns and cities.

12

Vlast, identita, zábava. Pestrá cesta jednou společenskou hrou přelomu 19. a 20. století

88%

Mareš J.

Střed. Časopis pro mezioborová studia Střední Evropy 19. a 20. století. / Centre. Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies of Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries.

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2013

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tom 5

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nr 2

9-29

EN

The paper focuses on the attempt of Czech nationalists to underpin the proper nationalist education of children and youth people by providing a board game that was meant to shape the understanding of what the (Czech) homeland was supposed to be. The first part of the study shows how the rules of the game were constructed. Each player had to name and describe the specificities of the place, where his token set foot; or more precisely, he had to repeat the short description which was available in the rules booklet. Some places were connected with other tasks like singing, reciting or any physical activity by means of which the children’s identity was constructed. The identity was constructed in a performative way, due to the necessity of the „constant utterances“, i. e. the repeating of facts about each place. However, it is not possible to decide what political program the game definitely matched. As a commercial item, the game rather tried to satisfy both, the older political and conservative generation, the so called Old Czech Party, and the members and constituency of the Young Czech Party. On the one hand, the game’s content, a selection and description of places on the plan, was closer to the values of the Old Czech Party. On the other hand, the frame of the game, the map of the board, was rooted in the radical nationalist politics, namely in the demands of territorialization of the Bohemian State Right.

13

Prague’s Urban Elites and the Problem of Spreading Hunger, 1914–1918

88%

Pojar V.

Prager wirtschafts- und sozialhistorische Mitteilungen - Prague Economic and Social History Papers

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2015

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tom 22

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nr 2

55-68

EN

The presented study should by means of a discourse analysis related to an impact of food and other goods shortage on human body help to understand the purpose that in the period of the „Great War“ communal elites and other urban participants attributed to their standings. It points out continuity of mental stereotypes of the fear of hunger and epidemic in the Czech society that were influencing reasoning of communal elites. It also draws attention to an existence of the human body discourse stressing out the fact that human life and health are virtues as such and that it is necessary to protect them. This discourse started to be heard more in the speeches after 1917 and later on it even got a nationalist framework. In spite of that the shortage became a reason for their deligitimization. By contrast, the humanistic national discourse of the charitable organization České srdce established in the autumn of 1917 made use of an emotional and markedly gender representation of hunger and starving body and with an idea that the national identity bridging over conflict zones in the Czech society it achieved in the last war year a considerable resonance. The study presents by virtue of two examples an ambivalence of shortage impacts in the context of a disintegrating social consensus that became both a reason of deligitimization of particular social participants and a source of a public activity of other participants.

14

The Life and Professional Wanderings of Advocates and Physicians in Moravia and Silesia at the Turn of the 20th Century

88%

Pokludová A.

Prager wirtschafts- und sozialhistorische Mitteilungen - Prague Economic and Social History Papers

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2014

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tom 20

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nr 2

48-62

EN

The submitted study presents particular conclusions as for the life style and professional careers of attorneys and doctors in the second half of the 19th and 20th century. Its objective is not to provide the reader with a quantitative development of chosen socio-professional groups but it covers by means of the careers of selected personalities first and foremost possibilities of the social mobility in the analysed period, family strategies when choosing a profession and behavioural models in relation to education. Presently the study is focused on everyday life of the secondary school and university students, i.e. their life conditions and cultural activities. The civic commitment of educated men at the beginning of their professional careers has been also outlined, including their involvement as for all- society networks which had a significant impact upon their potential success when doing their profession. The key topic of the study is mentality, behavioural models and life strategies that had lead not only to win recognition in their profession but also to a considerable social status in the urban society at the turn of the 19th and 20th century.

15

The Birth of Czech Nationalist Activism in Reichenberg (Liberec) and its Conflicts with the City Hall (with a focus on the conflict during the 1890 census)

88%

Kladiwa P.

Prager wirtschafts- und sozialhistorische Mitteilungen - Prague Economic and Social History Papers

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2015

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tom 22

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nr 2

7-26

EN

This study focuses on nationalist agitators and municipal politicians in the North Bohemian city of Reichenberg (now Liberec) during the period of nationalist political struggles before WWI. It explores — on the example of the record of the language of daily use in 1891 census and other conflicts between German and Czech activists — the ways in which the discourse of the political elites became nationalized — though this hardly reflects the intensity with which people were committed to national issues in their everyday lives. The intensification of the conflicts in Reichenberg is not regarded as a sign of the weakness of civil society, but rather of its growing strength. In the days when the Czech-speaking community in Reichenberg occupied an entirely inferior status, there was no friction between it and the majority German community. The friction came about when the Czech-speaking middle classes gained in strength and influence, and began to engage in nationalist agitation — which was confrontational in nature. The hostile response from the city authorities was essentially a symptom of a struggle for the symbolic occupation of public space. The response adopted by the Reichenberg City Hall (which was similar to other “German” authorities in ethnically mixed towns and cities in the Bohemian lands) was very hard, which to some degree explains (though it does not excuse) the highly confrontational approach taken by the independent Czechoslovak state towards its German citizens in the immediate post-war years.

16

Česká strana státoprávně pokroková v předvečer první světové války na jaře 1914

75%

Tomeš J.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2014

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tom 22

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nr 1

35-64

EN

The political activities of the Czech Progressive Constitutional Party, largely differing from the major part of the Czech political arena, in the last months before the outbreak of World War I are explained. A description of the Party’s general profile, which continued the tradition of Czech progressionist movement of the 1890s and constituted a specific platform of modern Czech nationalism, is followed by the Party’s foreign political ideas expecting a global Paneuropean military conflict in the near future and relying on it as a way to solve the Czech question, i.e., to restore an independent Czech state based on the Czech historical constitutional right. The author follows and assesses the foreign political activities of the Czech Progressive Constitutional Party in spring 1914 and shows that it was the only party in the Czech political arena that was systematically preparing to the outbreak of a European war and linking the international solution to the Czech question to the Entente Powers, and thus anticipated the ways of anti-Austrian resistance movement during the war.

17

Vztahy mezi českými zeměmi a Nizozemím během středověku v oblasti výtvarného umění

75%

Černý P.

Historica: revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy (Historica: Review in history and related sciences)

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2013

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tom 4

|

nr 1

1-22

EN

The text represents the first attempt to a global assessment of artistic relationships between Low Countries and Bohemian Lands during the Middle Ages. From the relevant findings we can assume almost exclusive dependency of the Bohemian and Moravian art production on the artistic impulses coming from Low Countries especially during the era of the Late Middle Ages. The similar situation we can also follow in other Central European regions.

18

Etnická klasifikace a institucionální zakotvení národnosti v českých zemích 1880–1914

75%

Kladiwa P.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2014

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tom 22

|

nr 1

7-33

EN

The ethnic (nationalist) classification and institutional position of nationalities in Cisleithania strongly reflected also the state’s interest. The state authorities had to take into consideration, in particular, the trends of social and politicaldevelopment, such as the rising significance of national identity and theinterconnection of national and civil rights. It should be noted here that in Cisleithania most of the populations of different nationality enjoyed favorable conditions to develop their national life. The main motive of the Taaffe Government’s decision to include the questionable category of communication language instead of the mother tongue or family language in the 1880 census consisted in the legal possibility of assimilation, i.e., preventing a nationality closure and, last but not least, protecting the integrity of the state. The whole period of 1880-1914 demonstrated the significance of independent judicial power. The Administrative Court and the Imperial Court of Cisleithania played an important role in establishing the nationalist principle in public life where the nationalist and the civil principles intertwined.