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Materiały z cmentarzyska w Leśniewie, pow. kętrzyński (dawne Fürstenau, Kr. Rastenburg)

100%

Wiśniewska A.

nr 62

119-167

The cemetery at Leśniewo was investigated in the 1880s by G. Bujack. As is the case of many other sites in former East Prussia, the archaeological material entered the Prussia-Museum in Königsberg. Most of it was lost during WW II, a small number resurfaced in the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin, which now has in its keeping a part of the pre-war collections of Königsberg museum. Of 122 features discovered at Leśniewo we have information on only 70. Our source are the publications of G. Bujack and private files of H. Jankuhn and M. Schmiedehelm who worked in East Prussia before WW II. The cemetery continued in use for only a short period – from phase B2a until B2/C1, possibly, C1a. Its original location was confirmed basing on the correspondence of the Prussia-Museum, now in Prussia-Sammlung section of the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte. The burial site occupied the western shore of Lake Rydzówka. The dead were buried at Leśniewo mostly in urned graves. Only four unurned graves were identified: three containing the remains of the cremation pyre (19/9, 47h/22, 58/32) and one, described as Knochenhäufchen, consisted of a concentration of cremated bones deposited within clean sand (39/18). Urns were mainly necked vessels (group I, variants A, B, C and D); next to them there were also a few basin-like forms (group III) highly similar in their shape to group IIA bowls, and at least in two cases a bowl type, IIA. A number of urns had a plastic ornament in the form of handles with multiple openings. Decoration of most vessels was limited to horizontal lines engraved immediately above the maximum diameter of the vessel and/or under the rim, single or in groups of two or three. Only a small number of vessels had a more elaborate ornament. On the body of the bowl placed over the urn in feature 62/35, is a drawing, below its maximum diameter, of roughly executed rings, triangles and strokes, confined between two vertical engraved lines. Other than that, the bowl is decorated with three circumferential lines engraved on the shoulder, and vertical engraved lines in groups of three running from them down to the vessel base. This representation has been interpreted as a drawing of a skull or as a human figure. The only other vessel featuring an anthropomorphic representation from the territory of the Bogaczewo Culture comes from an unspecified feature discovered at Inulec, distr. Mrągowo. On its neck the vessel has a design interpreted as an image of warriors with shields. A slightly larger number of vessels feature ornamentation in the form of zoomorphic representations and diverse geometric symbols. The furnishings of the features investigated at Leśniewo includes ornaments, mostly fibulae and beads, tools, knives, needles, awls, fire-making tools, tweezers, and a socketed axe-head, elements of horse harness and weaponry. Ornaments, dress accessories, tools and implements were mostly deposited in urns, the weapons and elements of horse harness were placed next to the urn. The dominant fibula form were eye fibulae of the Prussian series – as many as 13. Two of these need a closer discussion. The type A60 specimen from feature 47h/22 has a rarely encountered ornament – next to three pairs of eyes on the foot, it also had two pairs of eyes stamped on the bow. The fibula from feature 60/34 had on its bow lengthwise grooves and a row of stamped squares down the middle, its expanded trapeze foot was decorated with two pairs of eyes at centre and a row of four eyes by the lower edge; the eyes at the centre of the foot were connected by engraved lines with the outlying eyes by its edge. The crest of this fibula was imitated by means of three horizontal grooves. The chronology of elaborately decorated eye fibulae is the same as of other specimens in this series and takes in phases B2a and B2b. Feature 31/13 yielded an eye fibula type A62, a variant of the Prussian series, which is a likely import from the Dollkeim/Kovrovo Culture; in cemeteries of Bogaczewo Culture this fibula type is encountered quite rarely. Next to the forms discussed above fibula finds included a single strongly profiled type A79 specimen discovered in feature 116/63, a specimen close to 10 series, V group, in grave 64/37, and three triple-crest fibulae, type A96, in features 47sp/23, 47g/24 and 47s/30. A fibula close to 10 series V group, a distinctive variant of this type, has a crest on its bow. A number of similar fibulae are known from cemeteries of Bogaczewo Culture e.g., Koczek II, grave 128, and Ławki, grave 30, the Dollkeim/Kovrovo Culture – at Polese (former Drusker Forst), graves 19 and 65, and Wielbark Culture, at Ulkowy, grave 58. In the group of beads a more outstanding specimen is a grooved bead made of green glass, type TM159a, recorded in feature 68/41. It has no analogies on the territory of the Bogaczewo Culture but is regarded as a type characteristic for the Przeworsk Culture. A single dress pin, discovered at Leśniewo in feature 49/19, corresponds to type I of B. Beckmann. Also interesting is a series of 12 pendants in the form of a spoked wheel, type Machary, discovered in grave A – only 20 similar ornaments are recorded on the Bogaczewo Culture territory. The majority of buckle finds from Leśniewo are a form encountered en masse on territory of the Central European Barbaricum – unipartite, with a circular frame, type AC13 – in features 5/3 and 10/5, or with a D-shaped frame, type AD1 – in features 10/5, 18/8, 39/18, 46/21 and 87/49. Next to these, in feature 75/43 there was a buckle with a round frame and pin integrated with the chape, type AC1 G. Bujack mentioned four rectangular belt mounts discovered in the same cemetery but none of these were illustrated. Elements of weaponry include mainly spearheads, three specimens, of which only one – a stray find – was illustrated; there was also a single shield boss, type J6, and a shield grip, type 5. In its plan, funerary rite and furnishings the cemetery at Leśniewo does not differ substantially from other cemeteries of the Bogaczewo Culture. Similarly as at other burial sites of this culture there were identifiable grave groups, deposition of ordinary objects and weapons in graves and a cremation burial rite. There is evidence of influence from other cultures: Przeworsk (the buckle with a round frame and pin integrated with the chape, the green grooved bead), Wielbark (fibulae type A79, 10 series V group, type A96 decorated with gold) and Dollkeim/Kovrovo (the fibula type A62). In contrast to other Bogaczewo Culture cemeteries dress pins were scarce (just one specimen was discovered here, a type seldom encountered in the grave inventories of this culture), and a longer than usual series of eye fibulae and pendants type Machary. In case of the cemetery at Leśniewo, known previously only from brief references in 19th century literature, we can try to bring it back into academic circulation basing on the archival documentation of H. Jankuhn and M. Schmiedehelm and artefacts which have survived in the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin. At the same time, the comparison of line drawings of the same artefacts in both files has revealed some differences, sometimes quite substantial, which persuades us to treat this archival record with due caution.

Nowa odmiana uzdy z wodzami łańcuchowymi z cmentarzyska kultury bogaczewskiej w Paprotkach Kolonii, stan. 1, woj. warmińsko-mazurskie

84%

Bitner-Wróblewska A. , Karczewska M. , Karczewski M.

nr 55

65-86

Among materials recovered to date from the cemetery of Bogaczewo Culture at Paprotki Kolonia, site 1, gm. Miłki (woj. warmińsko-mazurskie), worthy of special note is the assemblage of grave 72 which included a rich assortment of weapons, belt elements, and above all, a unique iron horse bridle with chain-link reins. The cemetery at Paprotki Kolonia, site 1, lies in the region of Mazurian Great Lakes, some 3 km SE of the village of Paprotki (Fig. 1). It occupies a slight elevation between the peatland Nietlice (former lake) and waterlogged meadows surrounding the Zielone Bagno bog. The cemetery was discovered in 1983 by L. Paderewska MA and L. Gajewski MA during the archaeological penetration of Mazurian peatlands. From 1991 the site was systematically excavated. So far some 170 cremation graves were discovered as well as the remains of a funerary pyre. It is difficult to establish accurately the number of all graves because a number of them were discovered on a secondary deposit in the fill of trenches dating to the first world war. The earliest assemblage, dated to phase A3–B1, is grave 33, which yielded a bronze pin type A acc. to B. Beckmann. The latest burials date to the Migration Period. Grave 30 contained a comb with a bell-shaped grip (phase D) while grave 1 produced a spiral ring with the coil hammered into a disc (phase E). Most burials are dated to the younger phase of the Early Roman Period and older phase of the Late Roman Period. This chronology also applies to the assemblage from grave 72, of special interest here. Grave 72 was discovered 45 cm below the line of turf. It contained a double burial – an urn containing the remains of an early adultus or early maturus female or a fragile delicately built male individual) and a pit burial of an adultus-maturus male). The pit grave was circular ca. 1 m in diameter; its SE section had been disturbed by other burials. In section grave 72 formed a regular pit with a flat bottom, its fill consisted of intensively black earth mixed with rusty-red sand. Its maximum depth was 45–47 cm. The rich assemblage recovered from grave 72 included the following finds: a horse bridle with a ring bit and chain-link reins (Fig. 6), elements of a shield (type J.7a shield-boss, rivets – fig. 7:1,6,7), a knife with a hilt and scabbard mounts (Fig. 7:2,13), ten arrow points (Fig. 8), a belt set consisting of a buckle with a double spike R. Madyda-Legutko type AG42, belt hanger and three belt-end fittings, including a type J.II1-2 acc. to K. Raddatz (Fig. 9:1–3,6,19), another belt set consisting of a belt buckle with an elongated ferrule type AG12 (Fig. 10:2), a rectangular fitting and cross-shaped fittings (Fig. 10:9). Other grave goods included two fibulae with three cross-bares, type A.96 (Fig. 10:6,7) and appliqué bosses representing an ornament of female head-dress (Fig. 10:3–5). Grave equipment included a cinerary urn with a high-set funnel neck and body of broad proportions, its greatest diameter set slightly below mid-height of the vessel (Fig. 11). The urn was fitted with a 4-segment vertical handle. Basing on the pair of fibulae type A.96 from grave 72 may be dated to phase B2/C1–C1a. Other grave goods such as the type J.7a shield-boss confirm this chronology and the belt set with the double-spiked belt buckle. The other belt buckle having a rectangular, bipartite frame and ferrule, which in the assemblage in question may represent an old fashioned form, occupies a slightly earlier chronological position. A special position in the inventory of the discussed grave is definitely occupied by the horse bridle with chain-link reins, made entirely of iron. Its unipartite mouthpiece has the form of a rod bent four times at right angles. A horse harness with such a mouthpiece and a metal throatlatch made it much easier to control the horse something important in combat. The bridle from Paprotki also features chain-link reins which consist of three elongated and three annular links. The elongated links are formed of rods polygonal in section hammered at both ends into an eye and coiled around the annular links. The elongated links are decorated centrally and at the ends with pairs of engraved lines, the eyes – with deep grooves or engraved designs in form of an arrow, diagonal grid, triangle or chevron. Fittings of the side straps of the bridle are rectangular – an iron rod was twisted into an eye around the links of the bit, its ends hammered flat into thin plates joined to the strap by a single rivet. The bridle from grave 72 at Paprotki Kolonia belongs to the sub-type of bridles with chain-link reins encountered in the Barbaricum in the Roman Period and the Migration Period. Bridles of this type have the mouthpiece made of a rod bent four times at right angles, throatlatch and rings of the bit. Fittings for attaching side straps of the bridle are T-shaped. Chain-link reins formed of elongated and annular links were almost exclusively in bronze; only the mouthpiece was iron. Several systems of classification of the discussed category of finds are proposed in literature (T. Baranowski 1973; M. Ørsnes 1993; S. Wilbers-Rost 1994). Although they differ in their methodological assumptions they arrive at basically similar divisions. The main criterion is the shape of the chain links. They may be figure-of-eight with a cylindrical or a tapering central section, the shape of joined acorns or slender elongated and flat links, broad annular links. The last type of links characterises the latest specimens of chain-link reins dated to the Early Migration Period. Chronology of the remaining types fits between phases B2 and B2/C1. The bridle from Paprotki fits the basic criteria and may be classified without difficulty the subtype of chain-link reins. It has a number of distinct features, which argue against including it in any of the variants known so far. This is mainly because of the different shape of the elongated chain links. Another element unseen in previously recorded chain-link reins is the substitution in the Paprotki bridle of hooks for attaching side thongs by fittings in the form of elongated rectangles. Furthermore, the specimen in question was made entirely of iron, something very rare in this type of elaborate horse trappings. In view of its unique features the bridle should be classified as a new variant of a chain-link reins – variant Paprotki. It presumably represents an imitation of models originating in Samland, produced locally by a master blacksmith. On Balt territory horse bridles with chain-link reins occur in concentrations chiefly in Samland with several specimens known also from Mazurian Lakeland (Fig. 12). Isolated specimens were also encountered in western Lithuania where they probably represent imports from Samland. A definite majority of horse bridles from Samland are showpieces, fitted with brass chain-link reins, while Mazurian specimens tend to be incomplete and lack metal reins. This makes the find from Paprotki even more special. The discussed assemblage from grave 72 contained yet another unique element i.e., a set of ten different arrow points. All had stems but differed in the shape of the leaf and proportions. They represent forms unknown in other areas of the Central European Barbaricum, only rarely encountered in the culture of the western Balts (Mojtyny, grave 59, Szwajcaria, barrow 15, grave 2). Among the furnishings in grave 72 at Paprotki also striking is the unusual ornament seen on the urn. In the upper part of its body, below the neck, the vessel is ornamented with four groups of diagonal and vertical lines forming stylised arrows. It would seem that such an ornament had been chosen deliberately as it immediately brings to mind the set of arrows found in that grave.