Due to its landscape, dominated by hills reaching above 1000 m a.s.l., the southern part of the Western Beskids was long considered an area beyond the reach of prehistoric migrations. The small number of artefacts known from the area makes every new find significant. The article presents a stone artefact found on the Brona Pass in Beskid Żywiecki. It was made of a local raw material, quartzite sandstone. The discovery provides new evidence of the penetration of mountain landscapes by prehistoric communities.
The paper refers to the bilingual, Polish-Lemko, collection of poems by Władysław Graban, Na kołpaku gór (On the Calpack on the Mountains), published in 1991. The mountains, the Beskids, the Lemkos’ homeland, are presented as the exotic calpack, a type of cap made of several pieces of fabric sewn together. The analysis is based on the assumption that the Lemkos’ identity has been shaped like a calpack, sewn together from various cultural, religious and linguistic elements as a result of cultural transgressions — complex in their course and stretched over time. In the successive parts of the article the author discusses the various components of the ethnic identity of this minority, little known to the public at large.
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