Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Re-Emergence of the Middle East in China: Towards a New Research Paradigm in ‘One Belt, One Road’

100%

Ho W.-Y.

Polish Journal of Political Science

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2019

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tom 5

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nr 1

79-91

EN

China’s new global initiative, ‘One Belt, One Road’, has been reviving the ancient Silk Road trade route to launch an alternative ‘Go Global’ strategy. Commentators foresee China’s new Silk Road, sometimes referred to as the new Marshall Plan, may reshape the dynamics of the regions and lead to confrontation among the big powers. There are fears that whether China is engaged in neo-colonialism in Africa and may become a superpower in the Middle East. While dominant policy and scholarly attention has been given to ‘China in the Middle East’, this paper explores another ignored trend and new research paradigm, namely ‘the Middle East in China’.

2

Rywalizacja globalna a losy chińskiej Inicjatywy Pasa i Szlaku i świata

100%

Hübner W.

Copernicus Political and Legal Studies

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2023

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tom 2

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nr 4

7-15

EN

China’s contemporary Belt and Road Initiative (the “New Silk Road”) as the leading idea of China’s foreign policy in the President’s Xi Jinping era is an attempt to continue the unique tradition of the historical Silk Road. However, in the conditions of the present day, the great ideas of the Silk Road have to face in reality the challenges of the modern global world. The author shows the contemporary challenges (internal and external) facing international projects of the Belt and Road Initiative, and becoming their typical problems. The article could be used to formulate many multi-threaded conclusions, but in the end, the hope preveils that if the ideas of the Belt and Road were liberated from the context of global political competition, humanity would gain enormously. The conditions for accelerated economic growth would be created, promoting the idea of expansion based on peaceful cooperation, which – in the current era of tensions, unrest and a number of war outbreaks in the world – is particularly needed.

3

Polityka Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej wobec regionu autonomicznego Sinciang

100%

Gasiński K.

Security Review

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2021

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tom nr 1 (18)

15--22

EN

The main aim of the article is to reflect the policy of the People’s Republic of China towards autonomous region such as Xinjiang. In recent years China has deployed a huge array of tools to make leverage on Tibet, Uigur nation, Hongkong and Taiwan. Such pattern stems from new way of making internal policy of Xi Jinping to reunify the whole China nation and secure the Belt and Road Initiative. The main goal of the article is to take into consideration the purposes of imposing grizzly and robust restrictions on Uyghur minority.

4

Inicjatywa Pasa i Drogi jako niemilitarne wyzwanie dla bezpieczeństwa państw bałtyckich

100%

Gasiński K.

Security Review

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2020

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tom nr 2(15)

23--30

EN

The main aim of the article is to considers whether China may poses non-military threat to Balitc states in terms of Belt and Road Initiative. In the face of growing presence of China in Europe, special services have recently noted that huge array of investment, being a part of Belt and Road Initiatve may leverage on national security of Baltic states.

5

Effects of Belt and Road Initiative on port selection

100%

Esmer S.

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2020

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tom Vol. 5, No. 1

115--123

EN

Purpose: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was announced by China in 2013. In the initiative, railway lines are operated (Belt), and sea transportation is continuing with sea routes (Road) between China and Europe. The geographical scope of the initiative covering the Chinese-European route is increasing day by day. The purpose of this study is to identify the strategies that container terminals in sea routes need to consider to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Methodology: To achieve the goal, I focused on the criteria that container ship operators considered in port selection as the main user of the container terminals. In the study, a qualitative research process was followed, and data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Results: It is seen that the bilateral agreements between the countries where the ports are located have gained importance especially with China and the other countries involving the initiative. Moreover, it has been determined that the connections with the railway infrastructure will create a competitive advantage. The contribution: The container terminals located on the route have not only enough with classical advantages such as location, equipment, and infrastructure to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. The new criteria found in the study are the areas where the port cannot directly intervene individually. However, the port operator may negotiate with the relevant parties.

6

African Dimension of the Belt and Road Initiative

89%

Kaczmarek F.

Przegląd Strategiczny

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2019

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nr 12

145-160

PL

Celem tego artykułu jest zbadanie roli Inicjatywy Pasa i Drogi (Nowego Jedwabnego Szlaku – BRI) w stosunkach między Chinami i Afryką oraz wzajemnej zależności między inicjatywą BRI a innymi formami chińskiej obecności w Afryce. Aby osiągnąć ten cel, zastosowano metodę analizy danych wtórnych dotyczących zawartych umów, wymiany handlowej, oficjalnej pomocy rozwojowej (ODA), bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (FDI), długu, instrumentów miękkiej siły i planów na przyszłość. Analiza pozwala wyciągnąć kilka wniosków. Inicjatywa BRI jest tak elastyczna, że może stosunkowo łatwo i szybko zostać rozszerzona na inne kraje afrykańskie. Inicjatywa BRI jest czynnikiem kształtującym strategiczne podejście Chin do Afryki i może nadać nowy impuls chińskiemu handlowi, inwestycjom i kontraktom w Afryce. Dawne ramy współpracy instytucjonalnej, które obejmowały całą Afrykę, były bardzo ogólne i nie doprowadziły do określenia takich konkretnych priorytetów sektorowych, jak ma to miejsce w przypadku inicjatywy BRI. Inicjatywa wywarła wpływ na chińską politykę w Afryce. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że głównym zadaniem Inicjatywy w Afryce jest integracja infrastruktury, a jednym z zadań zaproponowanych na przyszłość jest relokacja przemysłowa. Jeśli plany te zostaną zrealizowane, mogą mieć fundamentalne znaczenie dla rozwoju Afryki.

EN

The research purpose of this paper is to examine the role of the BRI in China-Africa relations and the mutual interdependence between the BRI and other forms of Chinese presence in Africa. In order to attain this goal, the method of analysis of secondary data will be employed regarding concluded agreements, trade exchange, Official Development Assistance (ODA), foreign direct investment (FDI), debt, instruments of soft power and plans for the future. The analysis allows the several conclusions to be drawn. The BRI is so flexible that it can be extended in a relatively simple way and in a short period to other African countries. The BRI is the structuring factor in China’s strategic approach to Africa and can give new impetus to Chinese trade, investment and contracts in Africa. The former institutional co-operation framework that encompassed the whole of Africa was very general and did not result in the identification of such concrete sectoral priorities as is the case with the BRI. The Initiative has exerted influence on China’s policy in Africa. There is no doubt that the Initiative’s core task in Africa is infrastructure connectivity, but one of the tasks proposed for the future is industrial relocation. If this task is accomplished, it may be fundamental for Africa’s development.

7

Smok pod piramidami. Egipt wobec chińskiej Inicjatywy Pasa i Szlaku

88%

Zaremba M.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2020

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nr 2-3 (274-275) "Świat islamu w perspektywie badań arabistycznych i politologicznych Historia i współczesność"

245-253

EN

Egypt was the first country in Africa and the Arab world to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China. In 2016 President Xi Jinping’s official visit to Egypt opened a completely new chapter in mutual relations. Relationships take a special dimension within Chinese “Belt and Road Initiative”. From China’s point of view, Egypt has many advantages: the unique geographical location that makes Egypt a meeting place for the Arab world, Africa, Asia and Europe, a relatively stable political, social and economic system, a unique civilization and culture with a long history or interactions with empires of Greece, Persia, Rome, Turkey over the millennia. All this enables Egypt to play an important role with China as a strategic partner. The article aims to present the main elements of the Chinese diplomatic strategy towards Egypt, especially towards the “Belt and Road Initiative”. Not only trade and investment policy are of particular importance, but also a strategy regarding regional conflicts and tensions, security management in the Middle East, as well as political and economic links between the Middle and Far East.

8

The impact of China’s Belt and Road Initiative on the Western Balkan Region: An erosion of EU conditionality?

88%

Cotella G. , Berisha E.

European Spatial Research and Policy

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2021

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tom 28

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nr 2

165-186

EN

The EU integration process contributes to influence the ongoing institutional changes in the Western Balkans. At the same time, the incremental inflow of Chinese capital in the region that followed the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative is progressively reshaping power relations there. This article sheds light on the interaction between these two processes, discussing whether the increasing inflow of resources may gradually erode EU conditionality and hinder the overall integration process. To do so, the authors draw on an extensive review of academic and policy documents and on selected expert interviews, upon which they compare the actions of the EU and China in the region.

9

The Development of China’s Economic Cooperation in the Horn of Africa: Special Reference to the Belt and Road Initiative

88%

Bharti M. S.

African Journal of Economics, Politics and Social Studies

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2022

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nr 1

17-30

EN

The study deals with China’s trade and Economic cooperation in the Horn of Africa. This research aims to focus on infrastructural development in the region under China’s Belt and Road Initiative framework. Further, the central purpose of this research is to discuss Chinese investment in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Kenya and Somalia. The research uses a qualitative analysis approach to discuss the research problems and tries to find out core findings. The following question deals with this study, how does China expand its trade and investment in the Horn of Africa? To what extent has China developed ties with the Horn of African countries in the context of BRI projects? As a result, China has developed a strong stance in the Horn of Africa in the context of trade and investment. This study concludes that China has enormous challenges within these countries to manage interstate issues for security purposes that are necessary for the success of infrastructure development and other BRI-related projects.

10

Strategic analysis for Poland as a European hub for Belt and Road Initiative

88%

Hanusik A. , Woźnica A.

Journal of Economics and Management

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2021

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tom 43

90-109

EN

Aim/purpose – This paper aims at determining the role of Poland in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and identifying an alternative course of the trail. However, there are still many variables that can significantly affect the extent of Poland’s participation in BRI. Design/methodology/approach – The paper was based on a literature query and inter-views with six experts of the Polish logistics environment closely connected to the con-cept of the New Silk Road. The interviews and the literature analysis allowed of the authors to define potential scenarios for the course of the New Silk Road. In addition, the SWOT analysis was used to identify the Poland’s role in BRI. Findings – The most important factors that can significantly contribute to Poland’s par-ticipation in BRI are a very convenient geographical location and a strong logistics sec-tor, whereas the main negative factors are the ambivalent attitude of the Polish authori-ties towards the Chinese party and the underdeveloped modern railway infrastructure. The study identified some potential scenarios for the route of the New Silk Road, i.e., Poland as a European hub, transit only, southern road and northern road (ro-ro neigh-bors). The first scenario is the most favorable for Poland – Poland as a European hub. This is due to the current course of the New Silk Road and the location of Poland on the most economically effective transport corridor. Research implications/limitations – The research findings allow for a relatively precise definition of possible scenarios of the BRI Northern Corridor through areas directly related to Poland. The results may contribute to raising knowledge and awareness about BRI, which may provide insights into an academic and social debate on this topic. The upshot is that the results may entail actual activities contributing to increasing the chances of Poland for being a European hub gate for BRI. Originality/value/contribution – Previous publications explored various route alterna-tives of the entire New Silk Road, whereas there was no analysis of the last stage of the transport corridor on which Poland lies. The paper is a response to this research gap.

11

China – the Philippines relations in the Belt and Road Initiative cooperation framework

88%

Sianipar I. M. J.

Reality of Politics

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2023

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nr 23

68-84

EN

This article examines Chinese-Philippine cooperation within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This is an intriguing issue because, in 2016, many people predicted that China would exclude the Philippines from the BRI framework due to their dispute over the Scarborough Shoal. Former Philippine President Benigno Aquino III had criticized China’s South China Sea maritime expansion, but Duterte changed the country’s foreign policy in 2016. He followed China’s advice and moved forward, resolving differences between the two countries and developing a healthy bilateral relationship. This article found that the BRI framework is critical in this shift in diplomatic relations. China and the Philippines’ interdependence, as well as the shift in identity from an enemy to a partner, have both contributed to the improvement of China-Philippines relations.

12

INICJATYWA PASA I SZLAKU JAKO INSTRUMENT WZMOCNIENIA BEZPIECZEŃSTWA ENERGETYCZNEGO ChRL BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR STRENGTHENING ENERGY SECURITY OF THE PRC

75%

Świetnicki Ł.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

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2018

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nr 1(16)

7-25 (19)

EN

The rapid growth of the Chinese economy that started in December 1978 resulted in the equally fast growth of energy consumption. As a result of this process China became the biggest producer and consumer of energy in the world. However, since 1991 the level of energy production fell behind the level of energy consumption; consequently, China became a net importer of energy. The disproportion between production and consumption grew significantly bigger over time, becoming a threat to further economic development. China became more and more dependent on external factors, such as the so-called Malacca Dilemma. Now, more than ever before, China needs to work on finding a way to ensure its energy security. It needs to focus its action on diversifying both its energy structure and sources of energy imports. This paper aims to examine how the Belt and Road Initiative, announced in 2013, can strengthen Chinese energy security. For this purpose, the author will present three selected cases related to Belt and Road Initiative: the issue of resolving the Mallaca Dilemma, the promotion of green technology, and the promotion of development of Chinese Western Regions, which in turn might result in further increases in the level of energy consumption.

13

Antropologie v socialistické Číně: od ústřední úlohy při konstrukci národní identity po orámování globální Iniciativy pásmo a cesta

75%

Karlach J. , Ptáčková J. , Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2024

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tom 122

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nr 2

297-322

EN

The core of the article analyzes the historical development of Chinese anthropology from 1949 until today. First, it maps the parallel development of the anthropological terminology, thinking and practices, which together provided a scientific-theoretical basis for the subsequent political-ideological formation of the structure of the Chinese nation. Its conception is a bricolage of ethnopolitical categories, which came into being through a synergy of gradually indigenized theories of Soviet, European and American humanities and social sciences. The text further demonstrates that the historical experience of Chinese anthropology is being projected beyond the China’s borders, where it theoretically underpins the global political-economic strategy, the „Belt and Road Initiative“.

14

Chinese Belt and Road Initiative – the perspective of the Federal Republic of Germany

71%

Ciesielska-Klikowska J.

Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej

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2018

|

nr 12

95-111

PL

Chińska Republika Ludowa osiągnęła pozycję jednego z głównych graczy na arenie międzynarodowej i odważnie realizuje politykę ekspansji zagranicznej. Jej podstawowym instrumentem jest inicjatywa Pasa i Szlaku (Belt and Road Initiative, BRI), która w ostatnich latach jest jednym z najważniejszych projektów chińskich władz, zakładającym zintensyfikowanie współpracy gospodarczej i wymianę kulturalną krajów wzdłuż Nowego Jedwabnego Szlaku. Niemcy, czołowe państwo UE i kluczowy partner Chin w Europie, są silnym zwolennikiem inicjatywy BRI. Ponieważ jednak koncepcja ta obejmuje państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej, wymaga również silnej reakcji ze strony Wspólnoty. I chociaż stosunki UE z ChRL leżą w interesie gospodarczym wszystkich jej państw członkowskich, w ostatnich latach nie były one wolne od komplikacji. Artykuł analizuje znaczenie społecznego postrzegania i postaw aktorów państwowych Republiki Federalnej Niemiec wobec projektu Pasa i Szlaku od 2013 r., stosując liberalne podejście wyjaśniające. Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie reakcji Niemiec na inicjatywę Nowego Jedwabnego Szlaku w dwóch różnych fazach: pierwszej (2013-2016) i drugiej fazie (2016-), w której wypracowano model współpracy i świadomość występujących konfliktów. Ponadto artykuł próbuje zidentyfikować problemy istniejące w stosunkach między Unią Europejską a Chinami, ze szczególnym naciskiem na stosunki między Chińską Republiką Ludową a Republiką Federalną Niemiec. Analizę kończą krótki wniosek teoretyczny oraz rekomendacje polityczne.

EN

The People’s Republic of China has achieved the position of one of the major players in the international arena and is boldly pursuing the policy of foreign expansion. Its basic instrument is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which in recent years has been one of the most important projects of the Chinese authorities, assuming the intensification of economic cooperation and cultural exchange of countries along the New Silk Road. Germany, the EU leading state and China’s crucial partner in Europe, is a strong supporter of the Belt and Road Initiative. However, as the concept of BRI involves the member states of the European Union, it also requires a strong reaction from the Community. And although the EU’s relations with the PRC are in the economic interest of all its member states, they have not been without complications in recent years. The paper examines the importance of societal preferences and attitudes of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the Belt and Road Initiative since 2013 by using the liberal explana- tory approach. The aim of the paper is to analyse the German response to the Silk Road project in two distinct phases: the first one (2013-2016) and the second phase (2016-). Moreover the article will try to identify the problems that exist in relations between the European Union and China, with particular emphasis on the relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Federal Republic of Germany. A short theoretical conclusion as well as political recommendations conclude the analysis.

15

The New Silk Road: opportunities for global supply chains and challenges for further development

71%

Wagener N. , Aritua B. , Zhu T.

LogForum

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2020

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tom 16

|

nr 2

193-207

EN

. Background: Efforts to revive the New Silk Route from Europe to Asia have been on-going since the late 1970s. However, the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of the PR China in 2013 has given new impetus to Europe-Asia connectivity. Between 2014 and 2018 the number of block trains between China and Europe (including Russia) increased from 298 to 4,982 per year. Will this trend continue? Which bottlenecks and challenges appear? What are opportunities for respective countries, policy makers, shippers and logistics operators? The paper contributes to the scientific question of further and sustainable segmentation of intermodal transport markets in the context of global supply chains. Methods: Based on a literature review and interviews with logistics operators and shippers the authors analyze the present design and operational parameters of the intermodal land bridge traffic system, major challenges and bottlenecks and propose measure how to enable further growth and to improve the sustainability of this traffic. Results: Main issues of the further development of the New Silk Road Europe China are technological innovations, digitalization of supply chains, optimizing of intermodal transport and gateway concepts, corridor management and new trading patterns with e-commerce. Conclusions: Although this intermodal land bridge connection will likely continue to be a niche market, it offers considerable transit time and cost savings for specific types of freight where air freight is too expensive and maritime logistics is too slow. At higher freight costs compared with the sea freight and lower fares than air cargo this is especially interesting for high value cargo and the Northern provinces of China; also for opportunities in Central Asia, and the Caucasus. The new transport route promotes not only investments into production sites for export at locations in the Northern provinces but also opens new opportunities for European exports of industrial goods and FMCG for the growing middle class in China. The total logistics costs from the viewpoint of a shipper can be more competitive via land bridge than via sea. Both production and distribution networks of large companies (e.g. BASF, HP, BMW) and small and medium sized companies (here especially through e-commerce) can benefit from a further integration of markets and globalization of supply chains.

PL

Wstęp: Próby stworzenia Nowego Jedwabnego Szlaku z Europy do Azji są podejmowane praktycznie bez przerwy od lat 70-tych XX wieku. Jednak dopiero utworzenie inicjatywy Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) przez Chiny w 2013 zdynamizowały stworzenie połączenia między Europą a Azją. W okresie 2014 do 2018 ilość transportów szynowych pomiędzy Chinami a Europą (włączając Rosję) wzrosła z 298 do 4982 rocznie. Czy trend ten będzie utrzymany? Jakie są ograniczenia i wyzwania? Jakie są możliwości dla współudziałowców (krajów), twórców polityki, przewoźników i operatorów logistycznych? Praca ta jest naukowym pytaniem dotyczącym dalszej segmentacji transportu intermodalnego w kontekście globalnych łańcuchów dostaw. Metody: W oparciu o przegląd literatury naukowej oraz wywiadów przeprowadzonych z operatorami logistycznymi i przewoźnikami, przeanalizowano projektowe i operacyjne parametry system intermodalnych transportów, główne wyzwania i ograniczenia oraz zaproponowano środki umożliwiające przyszłościowy wzrost i zrównoważony rozwój tego typu transportu. Wyniki: Głównymi czynnikami umożliwiającymi dalszy rozwój Nowego Jedwabnego Szlaku Europa Chiny są nowacje technologicznego, cyfryzacja łańcuchów dostaw, optymalizacja transportu intermodalnego i koncepcji bram, zarządzanie korytarzami oraz nowe metody handlu oparte o e-handel. Wnioski: Jakkolwiek intermodalne połączenia lądowe pozostaną na razie zapewne rynkiem niszowym, to oferują one istotną oszczędność czasu tranzytu oraz ponoszonych kosztów w przypadku specyficznych typów ładunków, dla których fracht lotniczy jest zbyt drogi a morski zbyt wolny. Szczególnie północne prowincje Chin są zainteresowane tym typem transportu o aczkolwiek wyższych kosztach w stosunku do transportu morskiego ale niższych niż w przypadku transportu lotniczego. Jest to również wielka możliwość dla Centralnej Azji i Kaukazu. Nowe szlaki transportowe promują inwestycje nie tylko w obszary produkcyjne eksportowe dla lokalizacji w północnych prowincjach ale także otwierają nowe możliwości dla eksporterów europejskich dóbr przemysłowych oraz FMCG skierowanych do konsumentów z rosnącej klasy średniej w Chinach. Całkowite koszty logistyczne z punktu widzenia wysyłającego mogą być bardziej konkurencyjne w przypadku trasy lądowej aniżeli trasy morskiej. Duże korporacje zarówno produkcyjne jak i dystrybucyjne (np. BASF, HP, BMW) jak również firmy małej i średniej wielkości (szczególnie korzystające z możliwości e-handlu) mogą wiele zyskać na dalszej integracji rynków oraz globalizacji łańcuchów dostaw.

16

Security issues in transport projects in Central Asia

71%

Semenova N. , Kopcewicz G. , Olszanecka N. , Urbański D. , Piechowiak-Lamparska J. , Bryc A. , Bojarczyk B. , Jorgensen F. A. E. , Niedziołka D. , Pacześniak A. , Potorski R. , Wincławska M. , Włodkowska-Bagan A. , Jeran A. , Mol A. , Solsbery A. , Dąbrowska I. , Głodkowski M. , Kopcewicz G. , Olszanecka N. , Piechowiak-Lamparska J.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

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2019

|

nr 2

EN

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), in which the countries of Central Asia play a key role, is becoming very attractive for the transit countries. China is investing heavily in the economic and infrastructure development of the region. Beijing pays attention not only to energy carriers but also plans to invest in transport and other industries. The BRI is a complex project that is still being finalized and many details are not yet clear. However, it seems that the Chinese government is doing its best to implement the aims of this initiative.Since the collapse of the USSR and the independence of the Central Asian republics, there has been a noticeable change in the geography of the distribution of productive forces worldwide. In addition, new economic centers have emerged. All this has caused increased competition between transit countries for new routes in the transport services market in the region.In this context, security issues for the implementation of Eurasian integration projects by China in the transport sector occupy one of the most important places on the agenda, since long-term operation and implementation are directly dependent on ensuring their security.This research analyzes internal threats, instability conditions and security risks in Central Asia at national, sub-regional and regional levels. The contradictions between different actors create a basis for the emergence of conflict situations, the potential consequences of which need to be taken into account by China when planning and implementing major integration projects in the region.

17

Chińska Inicjatywa Pasa i Szlaku: parametry dla strategii Polski

71%

Hübner W. , Rybicka M. , Wieszczycka W.

Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie

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2018

|

tom 49

|

nr 4

34-47

EN

The Belt and Road Initiative is a key project for Chinese foreign policy, using integration processes taking place in the global economy. The purpose of the article is an attempt to answer the question: would Poland be able to play a more significant role in the strategically important for China Central and Eastern Europe? According to the authors, the strategy requires parallel actions on many fronts: care for the quality of the Polish-Chinese relations is important due to the growing role of China in the global economy, but Poland should not break political and economic ties with traditional partners. The EU is a key economic partner for Poland, with the leading role of the German economy. However, it should skillfully use foreign investments that can serve to strengthen and deepen links with the economy worldwide, and not just with the nearest neighbors. Poland seems a natural place to create, among others, central transshipment hub (Central Communication Port) for this part of Europe.

PL

Inicjatywa Pasa i Szlaku jest projektem kluczowym dla chińskiej polityki zagranicznej, wykorzystującym procesy integracyjne dokonujące się w globalnej gospodarce. Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie: czy Polska mogłaby pełnić bardziej znaczącą rolę w strategicznie ważnej dla Chin centralnej i wschodniej części Europy? Zdaniem autorów, strategia wymaga działania równoległego na wielu frontach. Dbałość o jakość stosunków polsko-chińskich jest ważna ze względu na rosnącą rolę Chin w gospodarce światowej, ale Polska nie powinna zrywać więzów politycznych i ekonomicznych z tradycyjnymi partnerami. UE jest kluczowym partnerem gospodarczym dla Polski, z wiodącą rolą gospodarki niemieckiej. Natomiast powinna umiejętnie korzystać z inwestycji zagranicznych, które mogą służyć umocnieniu i pogłębieniu powiązań z gospodarką światową, a nie tylko z najbliższymi sąsiadami. Polska wydaje się naturalnym miejscem do stworzenia m.in. centralnego hubu przeładunkowego(Centralnego Portu Komunikacyjnego) dla tej części Europy.

18

Adaptation of Polish regions to the challenges and opportunities of the Belt and Road Initiative

63%

Wilczewska M. , Nazarko J. , Wang H.

Engineering Management in Production and Services

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2022

|

tom Vol. 14, no. 1

125--142

EN

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an international project focused on creating a network of infrastructure and strengthening trade links, primarily between China and Europe. Transport of goods within the BRI is conducted through one maritime and six rail economic corridors, one of which (New Eurasian Land Bridge) crosses the territory of Poland. This article covers issues related to the impact of the BRI on the regions of the participating countries and aims to determine the position of Podlaskie voivodeship compared to other Polish voivodeships in the BRI. To achieve this aim, a multi-stage study was conducted, including the design of a set of quantitative factors determining the position of voivodeships in the BRI, evaluation of the importance of the factors during the expert study, collection and normalisation of quantitative data, and comparative analysis of the factors. Research results show that, given the adopted methodology, the Podlaskie voivodeship is ranked 11th out of 16 Polish voivodeships in terms of its position in the BRI. This article’s findings contribute to the discussion on development opportunities in the Podlaskie region in the BRI context. They also motivate comprehensive research on the strategy for the widest possible inclusion of Podlaskie in the BRI’s activities and provide an important stimulus for the region’s development.

19

Chińska inicjatywa pasa i szlaku a ryzyko zadłużenia jej beneficjentów

63%

Tomaszewska P.

De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności

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2019

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nr 2(5)

149-165

PL

Chińska inicjatywa Pasa i Szlaku (Belt and Road Initiative – BRI) jest nie tylko projektem gospodarczym czy politycznym, lecz także mającym potencjał do transformacji systemu międzynarodowego. Wpływ inicjatywy jest duży – od stymulowania finansowania inwestycji infrastrukturalnych w różnych państwach na świecie, po rozwój nowych globalnych łańcuchów dostaw. Celem naukowym artykułu jest analiza konsekwencji wdrażania inicjatywy Pasa i Szlaku. Problem badawczy sprowadza się do pytania: czy ta inicjatywa przyczynia się do zwiększenia chińskich wpływów na świecie i niesie za sobą ryzyko wpędzania biedniejszych państw w „pułapkę zadłużenia‖ poprzez projekty realizowane w nietransparentny sposób? Wnioskiem płynącym z artykułu jest stwierdzenie, że Chiny powinny stworzyć ulepszoną wersję inicjatywy BRI opartą o lepszą ocenę ryzyka realizowanych projektów. Jeśli inwestycje nie zostaną starannie wdrożone i kontrolowane mogą doprowadzić do problematycznego w skutkach wzrostu zadłużenia niektórych państw w dalszej perspektywie czasu.

EN

Chinese Belt and Road initiative (BRI) is not only an economic or political project, but also has the potential to transform the international system. The initiative‘s impact is large – from stimulating the financing of infrastructure investments in various countries around the world to the development of new global supply chains. The scientific goal of the article is to analyze the consequences of implementing the initiative. The research problem is included in the following question: does the Belt and Road Initiative contribute to increasing Chinese influence in the world and carries the risk of driving poorer countries into the ―debt trap‖? The conclusion from the article is that China should create an improved version of the BRI initiative based on a better risk assessment of the current projects. Infrastructure investments, if not carefully implemented and controlled, may lead to consequences, such as increasing the debt of some countries in the long term.

20

Infrastructure development in Poland on railway freight routes between China and the European Union

63%

Antonowicz M. , Jarzębowski S. , Rivera A. G.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2023

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tom nr 4

15--28

EN

This paper evaluates infrastructural investments in Poland and their impact on rail transport development between China and the European Union. Using data from diverse sources, including EU databases and the PKP database, the study employs a comprehensive methodology to explore railway transport, identifying main freight routes, understanding determinants, and recognizing barriers and challenges. Emphasis is placed on dependencies in route exchange, the consequences of the Russia–Ukraine conflict, data analysis in connections between cities, corridors, and their current state, and trends, barriers, and new initiatives, including crucial structural developments in Poland. Findings reveal dynamic growth in container railway freight since 2013. Poland, exceeding most EU states in rail intermodal transport growth, appears poised to be an "intermodal logistics hub" with planned modernization. The paper offers practical significance, providing insights for policymakers, railway operators, and logistics providers, identifying opportunities and challenges for enhancing railway freight competitiveness between China and the EU and encouraging collaboration among BRI stakeholders to address shared issues. The originality of the paper lies in the assessment of the railway freight routes between China and the EU, the Belt and Road Initiative, and its relationship with the infrastructural investments in Poland.

PL

Artykuł ten analizuje inwestycje infrastrukturalne w Polsce i ich wpływ na rozwój transportu kolejowego między Chinami a Unią Europejską. W ramach opracowania korzystano z danych pochodzących z różnych źródeł, w tym z baz danych UE i bazy danych PKP. Do badania wykorzystano kompleksową metodykę w celu oceny transportu kolejowego, identyfikacji głównych tras towarowych, zrozumienia determinantów oraz rozpoznania barier i wyzwań. Nacisk został położony na zależności związane z modernizacją tras, konsekwencjami konfliktu między Rosją a Ukrainą, analizą danych dotyczących połączeń między miastami, korytarzami i ich aktualnym stanem, a także na trendy, bariery i nowe inicjatywy, w tym istotne strukturalne zmiany w Polsce. Wyniki obrazują dynamiczny wzrost w kolejowym transporcie kontenerowym od 2013 r. Polska, przewyższając większość państw UE pod względem wzrostu kolejowego transportu intermodalnego, wydaje się być „intermodalnym hubem logistycznym”, rozwój którego determinowany będzie przez planowane dalsze modernizacje. Artykuł ma praktyczne znaczenie, dostarczając informacji dla decydentów, operatorów kolejowych i dostawców logistycznych, identyfikując możliwości i wyzwania związane z poprawą konkurencyjności przewozów kolejowych między Chinami a UE oraz zachęcając interesariuszy BRI do współpracy w celu rozwiązania wspólnych problemów. Oryginalność artykułu polega na ocenie tras przewozu kolejowego między Chinami a UE, Inicjatywy Pasa i Szlaku i jej związku z inwestycjami infrastrukturalnymi w Polsce.