Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ze Slovníku středověké latiny: uris, orna, gar, elta, arneda

100%

Florianová H.

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nr 3-4

327-338

EN

Czech medieval lexicographer Claretus is the author of Glossarius that includes a chapter De languoribus containing Latin-Old Czech doublets of names of diseases. Many of these names have not yet been explained properly, if at all. The words gar, elta and arneda were already published in Latinitatis medii aevi lexicon Bohemorum, but the author offers more precise or entirely new interpretations. She has also determined the meaning of words uris and orna that have not been published yet. All these Latin words are medieval neologisms, to be found only in vocabularies, usually without any explication. The determination of the meaning of these words therefore has to be based on the overall context, the etymology and their relationship with Old Czech equivalents. The analysed examples also serve to illustrate Claretus’ ways of word formation.

2

Ze Slovníku středověké latiny: muscida huba

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Nývlt P.

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tom 139

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nr 3-4

431-437

EN

The article deals with the pair muscida huba, found in several 14th- and 15th-century Latin-Czech glossaries. Its interpretation is not immediately clear, because there were two homonymous words húba in the Old Czech, the one meaning “muzzle”, the other “fungus”. Jan Gebauer, the author of the authoritative Old Czech dictionary, ascribed to the word huba paired with muscida the meaning “fungus”. On the basis of parallels from the translation of Ptolemyís Almagest written by Gerhard of Cremona in the 12th century and a Latin-Norman glossary from the 13th century, the author argues that the word actually meant “muzzle”. He also discusses the etymology of the Latin word and the route by which it found its way in Latin-Czech glossaries.

3

Ze Slovníku středověké latiny: calopus

88%

Šedinová H.

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tom 139

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nr 3-4

439-447

EN

The aim of this article is to identify the origin and meaning of the Latin zoological term calopus in the works of Thomas of Cantimpré and Czech medieval lexicographer Bartholomaeus de Solencia dictus Claretus. The name and the description of an unidentified quadruped similar to ibex has the origin in an early Christian writing Physiologus, which was written between the 2nd and 4th century AD in Alexandria. In the Latin versions of this work, there are varieties of the name of this animal, such as autolops, autolopus, antelups and more, which resulted in the name “antelope” in modern languages and the deformed name calopus in the encyclopaedia of Thomas of Cantimpré and in the glossary of Claretus.

4

Ze Slovníku středověké latiny: spongius a rugana

63%

Šedinová H.

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nr 3-4

317-325

EN

The main aim of this article is to identify the origin and meaning of two Latin zoological terms in the works of Thomas of Cantimpré and Czech medieval lexicographer Bartholomaeus de Solencia dictus Claretus, especially of the word rugana that have remained obscure until present days. Both works employ names of animals that are extremely difficult to interpret either semantically or linguistically and whose Greek or Latin origin is not immediately clear. Most of them are attached to animals the description of which Thomas claims to be derived from Aristotle. Aristotle’s term σπόγγος, denoting different varieties of sponges, which are found throughout the Mediterranean Sea, reached the Middle Ages not only through Pliny the Elder and classical Latin name spongia, but also via translations of Aristotle into Arabic and then into Latin. Thomas used the Latin version of the Aristotle’s work Historia animalium translated from Arabic by Michael Scotus. Due to phonetical differencies between these languages as well as inaccuracies and mistakes in both translations, the text of Aristotle and the forms of the original Greek names were variously modified. The sponge is described at Michael Scotus under the name gamen, that probably comes from the Arabic word ghajm, „cloud“, „sea sponge“; it is very likely that the word rugana that we found in medieval encyclopaedias, including those of Czech origin, is the result of deformation of the term gamen and of its connection with the preceding preposition in (misread as ru).

5

Anthův střet s koněm a jeho odraz ve středověkých encyklopediích a glosářích

63%

Šedinová H.

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nr 1-2

7-39

EN

Aggressive and defensive behaviour of birds takes various forms and has multiple causes. Besides intraspecies and interspecies aggressivity that comes through in skirmishes taking place during wooing, defending one’s territory and food source, the attack or defence of a bird is also caused by efforts to protect its progeny or the whole community from an imminent danger. For this purpose, the birds use in particular wide array of acoustic and optical signals, partly to warn other members of the flock, partly to distract the enemy or to intimidate and chase away the intruder. Some of these aspects of birds’ behaviour were already noticed by authors of antiquity and Middle Ages; descriptions of conflicts between various bird species and of their defence against each other or against the raptors and predators from other animal classes can be found in Latin sources of the Czech Middle Ages too. In these texts, many descriptions of birds are connected with Latin names known from the works of Roman natural philosophers and encyclopaedists, and their origin and meaning were explored and ascertained satisfactorily. Other terms, however, have been not deciphered yet, and the often sketchy descriptions of the appearance and behaviour of these birds – together with sometimes obscure equivalents in the Old Czech – don’t make the identification of these Latin words any easier. The names of birds achantis and ibos, featuring in the Glossary of the 14th century lexicographer Bartholomaeus de Solencia called Claretus, in the 15th century encyclopaedia Liber viginti arcium by Pavel Žídek, and in the 15th/16th century Vocabularius dictus Lactifer by a Franciscan preacher Iohannes Aquensis, have so far belonged to similarly unclear words. Whereas the term achantis has been described and determined to a degree in the Dictionary of Medieval Latin in Czech Lands, the word ibos has still been lacking any explanation whatsoever. During a closer examination of these terms it turned out that both have a rich history: they got to the medieval works by different ways from ancient treatises where they denote one and the same bird that was called ανθος in Greek. The name of this bird is preserved in two works of antiquity: in the Metamorphoses written by a mythographer Antoninus Liberalis, and in the zoological treatise Historia animalium written by Aristotle. In both of these tracts, the main topic is the hostility between the bird ανθος and the horse, resulting either in chasing away of one or another from the meadow they both feed on, or in a death of one or another. From Aristotle, this name made its way to Middle Ages through two different ways and in two completely different forms. The first way led through the Plinius Maior who latinised the term into anthus. Plinius’s work was a source for a medieval encyclopaedist Thomas of Cantimpré who, however, mistakenly connected the description of this bird with the name of acanthis denoting the goldfinch. The other way led through the translation of Aristotle’s treatise from Greek to Arabic, and then from Arabic into Latin by Michael Scotus. Here the name of the bird appears in the form of ibos and iboz that originated possibly during the transcription of the Greek term into Arabic and then into Latin. The purpose of this paper is not only to search for the origin of the word iboz but also to identify the bird who was called ανθος and iboz. Besides the traditional determination of the Greek name as the Cattle Egret or the Yellow Wagtail, the paper proposes a third possible identification – the Lapwing. Nevertheless, mediaeval authors surely didn’t know which birds were denoted by Latin variants achantis and iboz. The uncertainty of the Czech lexicographers is evidenced by the Czech equivalent konystrass (“horse-intimidator”), obscure Czech word komur (or konur) and a loan word ybozek that were used to translate the Latin names.

6

Ze Slovníku středověké latiny: abareno a kiloka

63%

Šedinová H.

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tom 136

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nr 1-2

223-235

EN

The main aim of this article is to identify the origin and meaning of two Latin zoological terms in the works of Thomas of Cantimpré and Czech medieval lexicographer Bartholomaeus de Solencia dictus Claretus. Both works employ names of animals that are extremely difficult to interpret either semantically or linguistically and whose Greek or Latin origin is not immediately clear. Most of them are attached to animals the description of which Thomas claims to be derived from Aristotle. Thomas used the Latin translation of the Aristotle’s work Historia animalium translated from Arabic by Michael Scotus. Due to phonetical differencies between these languages as well as inaccuracies and mistakes in both translations, the text of Aristotle and the forms of the original Greek names were variously modified. Aristotle’s term αθερίνη, denoting a mediterranean fish sand smelt (Atherina hepsetus Linné), appears at Michael Scotus as abereni and abarino, at Thomas of Cantimpré in the form abarenon and at Claretus in the form abareno; Aristotle’s term ακαλήφη, used by Aristotle to describe a sea anemone (probably Actinia equina Linné), appears at Michael Scotus as akaleki, at Thomas of Cantimpré in the form kylok and by Claretus in the form kiloka.