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XX
W artykule podjęto próbę ustalenia zależności pomiędzy stopniem odtłuszczenia powierzchni blachy stalowej a jakością powłok emalii gruntowej.
EN
An attempt is made to made to determine the relationship between the degree of steel sheet surface degreasing and the quality of ground enamel coating. For that purpose 110 samples of 08XIIB sheets, degreased to various degrees, were coated with ground enamel. The studies carried out on the ground enamel have proved that the way of preparing the sheet surface is of utmost importance. (orignal abstract)
XX
W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawi się fragment pracy, wykonanej w ramach realizacji tematu CPBR III.41. Fragment ten jest analizą norm krajowych, dotyczących wyrobów emaliowanych, użytkowanych w gospodarstwach domowych. Trzeba też w tym miejscu dodać, że będą to normy dotyczące emaliowanych naczyń kuchennych, wanien kąpielowych i zlewozmywaków. Właśnie te wyroby stanowią niemal całość produkcji polskiego przemysłu emalierskiego. Inne wyroby (np. kuchnie i kuchenki gazowe, pralki) stanowią jedynie niewielką część produkcji tego przemysłu, a ponadto emalia nie ma dla nich podstawowego znaczenia - większe znaczenie mają tu inne cechy użytkowe. (fragment tekst.)
EN
A critical analysis of standard specifications being in force in enamel domestic ware industry has been carried out. A lot of shortcomings, incoherence and incompleteness occurring in the standards have been pointed out. These facts necessitate working out new specifications which would in a way force the producers of enamel ware to introduce into the market goods which would be superior in quality. (original abstract)
XX
Emalia ceramiczna, jako specyficzny rodzaj powłoki nakładanej na powierzchnię metali, znalazła również zastosowanie do zabezpieczania elementów narażonych na działanie czynników atmosferycznych. Spełniając rolę dekoracyjną i ochronną emalia używana jest w produkcji wyrobów takich jak: kasetony elewacyjne, szyldy, tablice informacyjne, znaki drogowe itp. Wyroby te ze względu na zastosowanie narażone są na działanie czynników atmosferycznych a więc wody, pary wodnej, zmian temperatury, gazów i pyłów przemysłowych oraz promieni słonecznych. Czynniki te działając na emalię powodują stopniowe niszczenie jej powierzchni. Wyługowanie niektórych składników emalii przyczynia się do zmiany jej barwy i zmatowienia. Pękanie i odpryskiwanie emalii może doprowadzić do odkrycia podłoża przyspieszając jego korozję. Istotnym założeniem jest zatem określenie stopnia odporności emalii, na działanie czynników atmosferycznych, w warunkach laboratoryjnych (tzw. badania przyspieszone). (fragment tekst.)
EN
The possibilities of using vitreous enamel for protecting metal surfaces of products exposed to the action of weather factors have been presented. The weather factors which produce a destructive effect on enamel have been characterized and the mechanisms of enamel coating corrosion have been shown
XX
Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie badań wpływu niektórych środków myjących (KOP, Sunlicht, Ludwik, Cif) na emalię naczyń kuchennych.
EN
Selected agents for cleaning and washing up dishes, actually available on the market, were tested. The effects of liquids, emulsions, and pastes on the gloss and average corrosion rate of enamel coatings were the chief purpose of the studies. The results of the analysis show that Polish products are of good quality and when the noticed defects are removed they can rival imported products of that type. (original abstract)
XX
Emalie stosowane jako powłoki wewnętrzne w naczyniach kuchennych narażone są na agresywne działanie kwasów organicznych zawartych w potrawach. Przeprowadzono analizę zmian zachodzących w powłokach emalierskich w badaniach symulacyjnych, gdzie jako medium korozyjne zastosowano kwas octowy. Celem badań było zweryfikowanie hipotezy, według której postępująca w funkcji czasu destrukcja powłoki emalierskiej, spowodowana kwasem octowym, jest podobna do destrukcji spowodowanej następującymi kwasami: cytrynowym, mlekowym, szczawiowym (w odpowiednich stężeniach). Wyjaśnienie tego zjawiska potwierdza zaproponowana przez autora teoria mechanizmu korozji powierzchni emalii.
EN
White titanium enamel coatings were treated with 4% acetic acid at boiling point. As the time of etching was lengthened, changes in the appearance and element composition of the enamel were noted. For the purposes of the studies a scanning microscope was used with the magnification of maximum 300 x. The results made it possible to assign definite mathematical model s to them. The migration of such elements as Na, K, Si and Ti is described by the functions with the general equation y=A+B·e-c/√x, while the loss of enamel weight is described by y =Ax+B and this function is different from the analogous theoretical model s accepted for silicate glass. The results of the studies explain the corrosion processes occurring in enamel coatings and can contribute to a more precise assessment of their quality.
XX
W artykule przedstawiono badania mikrostruktury wybranych emalii, wykonane za pomocą mikroskopu skaningowego. Ustalono zależność między strukturami emalii a jej właściwościami użytkowymi.
EN
The paper presents the studies on the microstructures of four enamels of different functional properties. They were performed by means of a scanning microscope. The studies were aimed at the determination of the relationship between the structure of enamel and its functional properties. The results of the studies show that the structure of enamel is dependent on chemical composition. The addition of ZrO2 z, Al2 O3 and Cr2 O3 results in a structure with lots of amall pores, which favourably affects the functional quality of enamel. The addition of great amounts of alkaline oxides results in a structure with a small number of large pores and exerts a negative influence on the chemical and mechanical resistance od enamel coating. (original abstract)
XX
Celem omówionych w artykule badań było porównanie przydatności metody wagowej, optycznej i metody opartej na pomiarze chropowatości do oceny kwasoodporności powłok emalii.
EN
The acid resistance of enamel coatings on metal commodities is one of most important of their characteristics. This is a crucial feature of such goods as kitchen utensils as well as chemical apparatus. The author has given a critical review of used methods for determination of acid resistance of enamel coatings. He particulary has laid stress on the credibility of results. Four enamel with different acid-resistance used for kitchen untensils have been examined. To this end gravimetric method and roughness measurement have been used. The mathematical dependence between gravimetric method and roughness measurement has been ascertained. The usefulness of roughness measurement method for evaluation of corrosion grade of enamel coating on metal commodities has been discovered. (original abstract)
XX
Omówiono badania opinii konsumentów na temat aktualnego stanu jakości wyrobów emaliowanych, a następnie podjęto próby określenia postępu korozji wybranych powłok emalierskich w warunkach laboratoryjnych.
EN
In part one of the paper the results of questionnaire surveys are presented. The inquiry concerned the quality assessment of enamelware. The respondents expressed their opinions about selected parameters of enamel. Next, the mechanism of enamel corroding and the possibility of measuring that parameter are analysed. The results of studies on corrosion advancement with regard to selected enamel coatings in various time intervals are presented. The paper ends with the conclusions drawn from questionnaire surveys and laboratory studies. (original abstract)
XX
W celu zbadania jednorodności powłok emalierskich wyrobów znajdujących się obecnie na rynku, wybrano trzy emalie produkowane przez różnych producentów naczyń emaliowanych. Próbki emalii poddano badaniom morfologicznym z zastosowaniem skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego (SEM) i mikrosondy rentgenowskiej EDX.
EN
Outer layers of three enamels were subjected to morphological testing using the SEM/ EDX techniques. It has been found that their structure is not homogeneous. It means that the number of elements in the tested area, i.e. along the scanning line, is not the same. There are regions in which the elements are more concentrated and those where the number of the elements is decidedly smaller. The tested coatings are also characterized by different smoothness. Such a morphological structure affects unfavourably the quality of enamel coatings, especially the speed of corrosion processes occurring during their usage (original abstract).
XX
Odporność chemiczna powłok emalierskich nakładanych na wyroby z blachy stalowej jest jednym z najważniejszych kryteriów ich jakości. Od niej głównie zależy czas używania danych wyrobów oraz ich niezawodność. Celem pracy było zidentyfikowanie określonych procesów destrukcyjnych, zachodzących podczas symulacyjnych badań nad emalią, aby następnie analitycznie ustalić przyczyny ich powstawania. Opracowanie modeli procesów destrukcyjnych i wyjaśnienie przyczyn występowania kolejnych etapów tych procesów umożliwia ocenę metod stosowanych obecnie do badań chemoodporności emalii jak i sposobów przeciwdziałania tym zjawiskom. Poznanie tych procesów może mieć wymierne korzyści ekonomiczne w postaci wydłużenia trwałości wyrobów emaliowanych oraz przyczynić się do rozwiązania problemów ekologicznych związanych z ograniczeniem zanieczyszczenia środowiska naturalnego.
EN
In view of the good protection that enamel coatings give to base metal, counteracting the aggressive effect of various media, enamel coatings are widely used in food industry, pharmaceutical chemistry, automotive industry, electronics, and even in building engineering. They are most popular, however, on the houseware, like kitchen ware, bathtubs, sinks, gas ovens etc. Though characterised by high chemical resistance, enamel coatings are also prone to gradual destruction. Therefore, for many years, various research centres have been and are carrying out the studies which as their main target have an improvement of the resistance to chemical attack of enamel coatings applied onto the steel sheet products. This resistance is one of the most important criteria of their quality, determining the life of enamelled products and their failure-free performance. In the case of enamelled ware, the destruction is mainly due to the presence of aggressive compounds contained in food products. In reference literature numerous instrumental methods have been described which enable an assessment of the chemical resistance of enamel coatings. They are usually based on simulation tests, in the course of which a gradual and well-controlled destruction of coatings is observed. By quantitative and qualitative analyses of variations in some selected parameters, the degree of the chemical resistance of enamelled coatings is measured. Yet, great discrepancies in the applied methods and procedures, based on a selective evaluation of the effects of corrosion, make the comparison of results and their correct interpretation quite impossible. To verify the methods which determine the degree of chemical resistance of the enamel coatings it is necessary to study in detail the processes of destruction that take place in these enamels, using to this end a causal-consecutive approach. Therefore, the main aim of this study was development of models describing the phenomena of destruction which occur in various types of enamel coatings. The study was carried out on enamel coatings which differed in composition, were prepared from various raw materials and manufactured by various technological processes. It was mainly devoted to testing of the chemical resistance in acid media, which are most frequently used in practice, especially in food products which are either stored or processed in enamelled ware. A model simulating the processes of corrosion proceeding in these coatings was developed. As etching agents, various acids (acetic, citric, lactic and oxalic) were used in various concentrations. The processes of destruction proceeding in enamel coatings were examined by various methods combined with simultaneously carried out morphological examinations of the externa! film of enamel, applying a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray microprobe (EDX). Due to the examinations it was stated that the external layers of enamel coatings differed in respect to their morphological structure. The differences in the structure were mainly responsible for different course of the destruction processes which were noted to occur in simulation tests. The morphological examinations done for the external layers of the investigated enamels in function of the etching time enabled establishing which of the elements would be the next one to undergo the process of diffusion. The process of diffusion occurs according to some strictly determined mathematical functions, and it causes changes in the chemical constitution of coatings. This is the reason why some physical changes take place in the coating, resulting finally in its destruction. In simulation tests the processes which usually take place in enamel coatings have been presented in the form of various models of corrosion which describe the, proceeding during etching, phenomena of destruction. Two models, typical of the enamels characterised by the external structures heterogeneous and homogeneous, were prepared. It has been proved that the successive diffusion of elements does not depend on their ionic radii. The force with which the acid used in simulation tests attacks the enamel depends on the value of pH, on dissociation constant and on the stability constant of complex combinations of anions of these acids with aluminium. In this study, also the methods used most frequently in an assessment of the chemical resistance of enamels were subjected to verification. The profilogrammometric examinations, the degree of light reflection, and the degree of whiteness are not applicable in every case in determination of the chemical resistance of enamel coatings. In some cases, the examined values of these parameters result in an erroneous interpretation of how far the processes of destruction are advanced. As a result of the carried out instrumental examinations and theoretical analyses, a change in the methodology applied so far for determination of the chemical resistance of enamel coatings was proposed. (original abstract)
XX
Powłoki krzemianowe, zwane potocznie emaliami szklistymi, są przeznaczone do pracy w różnych środowiskach. Działanie tych ostatnich powoduje stopniowo destrukcję powłok, objawiającą się początkowo utratą połysku. Takie skutki można zauważyć głównie w powłokach chroniących aparaturę w przemyśle chemicznym i farmaceutycznym. Emalie stosowane na naczynia kuchenne, zwłaszcza barwy białej, zmieniają również odcień. Zastosowane do oceny jakości powłok emalierskich znormalizowane procesy symulacyjne nie uwzględniają tych efektów i nie tłumaczą przyczyn ich powstawania. Aby zdiagnozować różnice w składzie emalii z obu procesów postępowania badawczego, przeprowadzono ich analizę spektrometryczną w podczerwieni (Fourier Transform Infrared).
EN
White titanic enamels darken with use, which reduces considerably their quality. In order to explain that phenomenon infrared spectrometric testing, using the transmission technique and a Fourier spectrometer equipped with a microscope attachment, was carried out. The obtained IR spectra made it possible to determine the chemical compounds causing that unfavourable phenomenon. (original abstract)
XX
Głównym zadaniem powłok emalierskich jest zabezpieczanie wyrobów metalowych przed agresywnym działaniem czynników środowiskowych. Nie oznacza to, że emalie są zupełnie odporne na te czynniki, ale że procesy destrukcyjne przebiegają w nich znacznie wolniej niż w metalu zabezpieczonym. W artykule omówiono badania polegające na określeniu szybkości destrukcji powłok emalierskich. W badaniach wykorzystano białe emalie tytanowe, które trawiono kwasem octowym, mlekowym, szczawiowym i cytrynowym.
EN
According to the theory of acid dissociation, the dissociation constant (K) can be considered to be the measure of acid strength. The higher the acid dissociation constant is the more advanced, at a given concentration, dissociation is, and the acid is stronger. The aim of the presented here research was determine whether the acid strength theory is applicable to the etching of enamel coatings. As a result of the carried out studies is has been found that for tested coatings the rate of destruction depends not only on the dissociation constant of the acid used but also on other chemical properties. (original abstract)
XX
Celem pracy było przedstawienie kształtowania jakości wyrobów emaliowanych na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań ankietowych w zakresie wymagań stawianych różnym wyrobom emaliowanym; badań laboratoryjnych pozwalających określić mechanizm tworzenia struktury emalii, a w efekcie określić możliwości sterowania poziomem cech użytkowych tej powłoki; szczegółowej i wielokrotnej analizy wyników z wykorzystaniem programów komputerowych. Rezultaty pracy w postaci opracowania wzorców jakości dla poszczególnych wyrobów emaliowanych, akceptowanych przez użytkowników oraz zaproponowany system sterowania jakością mają charakter poznawczy, ale mogą być przydatne dla producentów wyrobów emaliowanych. Nabywcom zaś mogą zapewnić ofertę bogatego asortymentu wyrobów o oczekiwanej przez nich jakości.
EN
Anti-corrosion enamel protection is a technique which is currently being employed on a wide scale, both in the form of coatings in domestic household products and in many modern technical metal products. Due to the scale of domestic production of enamel products, achieving optimal quality for such products is a very important issue. However, the scale of technical and economic problems encountered in Poland is considerable. The descriptive part of this paper is based on an analysis of current specialist literature, both at home and abroad, the latter being mainly German and American in origin. The empirical part, on the other hand, offers a description and analysis of the research results, from which emerges a proposed procedure for the quality management of enamel products. The author's basic objective was to study the quality of enamel products based on research. At the outset, he accepted that such a study should be comprised of two parts, namely: identification of the expectations of customers of enamel products, development of a quality management system for these products. This objective was achieved through survey research, laboratory research and an in-depth and multi-faceted analysis of results with the help of computer programmes. The survey covered highly-skilled employees in the enamel industry, and assessed the importance of functional features for selected groups of enamel products. Expert knowledge appeared especially valuable in relation to the new products. On account of the unfavourable technological and economic situation of Polish firms mentioned earlier, the survey respondents were interested in preserving an objective stance in their assessments. Concerned primarily with economic benefits, the author tries to classify different enamel products into homogenous groups. With this aim in mind, the author makes use of the Euclidian distance concept and variance analysis. However, it turns out that certain types of enamel products (due to the conditions of their use) are highly specific in character, and thus it is impossible to group different enamel products into homogenous groups. The objective of the laboratory tests, which try to measure the impact of the chemical composition of enamels on their selected functional properties and to identify the possibilities for quality management of enamel products through the deliberate shaping of the microstructure of such coatings, is to determine whether enamel manufacturers can meet the demands of the users of the products in question. The research material consisted of enamels of varying qualitative and quantitative composition. The contraction in the number of enamels researched and functional properties tested allowed the author to carry out a model analysis of the research results. The microstructure of the selected enamels was then studied with the help of a scanning electron microscope. It was assumed that the structure of enamel is determined by chemical reactions between the enamel's components and that this has a decisive impact on the functionality of this coating. With the help of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the author specified the total number of pores and measured the diameters of these pores. It turns out that enamels with a high number of pores but very small dimensions are characterised by the highest chemical and mechanical resistance. Based on the above-mentioned laboratory research, the author performed a series of mathematical calculations using the weighted regression method. These calculations were used to construct tables in which the author presents predicted levels of the properties of enamel coatings, which depend on the chemical composition of these coatings. This research and its results are presented in a later part of the study in the form of so-called Gibbs Triangles. A third way in which the results of this study are presented, i.e., with regard to predicting the quality of enamel depending on its chemical composition, is the optimalization table. Such a table allows enamels to be selected rationally according to their intended use. In the final part of this study, the author discusses the economic aspects of enamel product quality and presents his conclusions on this matter. The most important economic issues related to the problems addressed in this paper include: the proper identification of customer needs; the launch of products on the market that are competitive in relation to those of foreign firms - especially with regard to quality and price; the need to take into account economic factors in the production cycle as a whole; the introduction of original and secondary innovations; accurate analysis of the quality costs of products; and the need to take into account a product quality management system when designing strategies. (original abstract)
XX
W ostatnich latach obserwuje się w świecie silny trend odchodzenia od produkcji wyrobów emaliowanych. W artykule omówiono badania ankietowe preferencji konsumentów odnośnie używanych w gospodarstwie domowym wyrobów emaliowanych oraz analizę przyczyn matowienia i ciemnienia powłok emalierskich.
EN
In recent year a strong tendency to depart from the production of enamel goods has been observed in the world. In order to analyse a possibility to come back in Poland to enamel goods that were once much asked for by consumers because of many very favourable properties, questionnaire surveys were carried out. These surveys have proven that the Polish market awaits from the industry new design propositions for dishes and other domestic appliances. Enamel goods satisfying definite physicochemical and esthetic requirements of a contemporary consumer can possibly fill that gap. The carried out microscopic examination as well as the use for the purpose of the study of infrared spectrometry have made it possible to diagnose the causes of serious defects which occur in enamels and which must be eliminated to make goods coated with these enamels competitive on the market. (original abstract)
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