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Rynek książki w Bydgoszczy w świetle ksiąg adresowych miasta z lat 1855-1917

100%

Chlewicka A.

tom 43

235-255

The aim of the article is to present phenomena connected with the book market in Bydgoszcz, as described in address books from the years 1855-1917. As administrative documents, address books contained accurate data relating to different aspects of social life. Registers included in them give information about citizens’ occupations, among them printers, bookbinders and booksellers; companies and their locations, for example presses, bookshops, bookbinderies, lending libraries, music reading rooms, lithography workshops, photographic studios, engravers; published press; illustrations, musicalia and the writing materials trade. Moreover, they mention libraries, associations of book lovers, and other associations with their own book collections. There were many advertisements of libraries’ offerings, press equipment, lithography workshops’ services, rules for using lending libraries, etc., which we consider a great source. In conclusion, address books, as a precious and rich source of information, should be used more often in bibliographical research.

Przemysł chemiczno-farmaceutyczny w Bydgoszczy w latach 1920-1950

80%

Ślusarczyk W.

tom 60

nr 3

489-495

The incorporation of Bydgoszcz into the reborn Polish state, which took place on the 20th of January 1902, was a turning point for the town, not only in the political but also in the economical aspect. German businessmen mostly left and were replaced by Poles. This process also concerned the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The next decade saw the emergence of a new structure of enterprises, which – with some disruption during WW II – largely survived until 1950, when Polish industry was totally nationalised. In the period in question Bydgoszcz chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturers were in fact small enterprises, with simple technological base. They did not carry out chemical synthesis, producing mostly cosmetics and simple galenicals. Medicines were only a fraction of their output. The range of goods produced by the enterprises discussed in the article was quite similar. Some of them also made dressings and veterinary preparations. The sources do not make it possible to judge the quality of their products, but some of them won awards at domestic and international fairs. In the period discussed most of the companies operated on the local basis, supplying their products to chemists within the region. Their output decreased during the great crisis of 1929-1935, WW II and immediately after the war. This was caused by shortage of capital and raw materials, and by war damages. Most of the enterprises discussed employed from several to twenty people; crises obviously resulted in lay-offs. The largest staff worked for “Halina” Cosmetic Plant, which in 1939 employed ca. 100 people. In the inter-war period Bydgoszcz had twelve chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises, operating temporarily. In the case of one of them the time of opening is unknown. One started operating before 1920 and worked uninterruptedly to the outbreak of WW II. As many as six sprang up between 1920 and 1930, but four of them were liquidated before 1939. Four companies were started between 1930 and 1939; only one of those was operative in 1939. Just before the outbreak of WW II Bydgoszcz had four chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises, which in autumn 1939 were taken over by the Third Reich or by private German owners. Those companies continued to operate after the war as well; in addition, six new ones were opened. All in all, ten enterprises functioned temporarily in the years 1945-1950. Most of them were private; two were run by cooperatives. The government, however, aimed at liquidating private and cooperative industry and in 1947 started the so-called “battle for trade”, consisting in levying unjustified fines and excessive taxes on private enterprises, which worsened the financial condition of the companies discussed. By the end of 1950 all of them were liquidated or nationalised, which started a new period, marked with a different property structure, legal status and organisation of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in the town.