In this study, the author presents his findings on the development of burghers and towns in Slovakia in the 14th century. It continues his research and publication on the development of burghers and towns from the 9th century. The sources of evidence are charters from the 14th century. The author has researched the development of the burgher class in dozens of towns of the period. He has come to the conclusion that burghers were developed in two ways, namely: privileged, on the basis of charters; or spontaneously without any written documents. This was how groups of burghers were developed in dozens of old towns and an even larger number of new towns in 14th century Slovakia. The most profitable employment of the burghers was trade. The most developed urban life was found in Košice and Bratislava, which were two of the most important towns in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 14th century.
The study is concerned with the social and legal group in the Kingdom of Hungary called “hospites” (guests), who formed a basic element in the emerging towns such as the one below Bratislava Castle. Using the written sources from the 13th century concerning Hungary and especially Bratislava, it presents the concepts of legal customs and privileges, which formed the main source of town law. The administrative and judicial position of the inhabitants of the complex below Bratislava Castle in the 13th century is considered. Attention is also devoted to the problem of municipal autonomy and the question of its position under the jurisdiction of the Sheriff of Bratislava before 1291.
The present study investigates some aspects of the transformation of the late estate society in the Hungarian Kingdom from a micro historical perspective. The local conflicts around the 1842 muster of the burghers’ guard in the free royal town Košice appertained to the burghers’ duties in general: their mandatory service in the guard and their behaviour towards the council. The analysis of these events reveals how transforming social practices clash with the social order solidified by old customs and law. In general, this conflict sheds light on the changes of the contemporary conception as well as the social transformation of burghership as a category of the estate society right before the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
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