Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Kontrowersje wokół Paktu na rzecz stabilności i wzrostu

100%

Ciak J.

Roczniki Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej w Toruniu

|

2011

|

nr 10

29-40

EN

Pact for Stability and Growth was to be a reliable way to ensure public finances. It commits the Economic Union countries to presenting a monetary budget in the medium term. The idea is to achieve a situation close to a balance in the budget, even a surplus. The deterioration of the fiscal situation of the European Union countries, including the euro area countries, especially in recent times, forcing the introduction of changes to the existing rules of the Pact. Undoubtedly, the introduction of the changes proposed by the European Commission should impact positively on the change in the approach to the problems of excessive deficits and public debt to GDP for the euro area, as well as for the future members of this zone in connection with ongoing processes of European integration

2

FINANCING THE BUDGET DEFICIT ON THE CAPITAL MARKET

100%

Nawrot W.

Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna

|

2005

|

nr 1(8)

35-57

EN

In the most recent history of Poland, the budget deficit in 2002 hit a low of nearly 40 bilion zloties. In the years under inspection the rising deficit created an increased need for loans. One of the major sources of the budget financing is the issue of treasury bonds. The regularly rising budget deficit was accompanied by a regular increase in bonds' interest. Consequently, the high interest of treasury bonds raised the costs of acquiring financial means by companies issuing bonds and shares. It results from the fact that treasury bonds are regarded as securities of the lowest investment risk whereas companies shares are characterized by a higher risk.

3

Ograniczenie obciazen podatkowych w Polsce

88%

Karwowski J.

|

2011

|

nr 6

67-78

EN

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possibilities and implications of reducing the income tax burden for the Polish economy. Two major proposals are presented: 1) halving the tax-GDP ratio to below 20% and changing the structure of budget expenses to reflect the real needs of the society (e.g. public order and safety, education, R&D, health, infrastructure); and 2) reducing, and finally abolishing income taxes to positively influence economic growth and welfare in Poland. Several implications on the conduct of these proposals are discussed. Paper findings are subject to a discussion concerning the flat tax debate.

4

REASONS OF THE GREEK CRISIS (Przyczyny greckiego kryzysu)

75%

Rymarczyk J.

Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu

|

2011

|

nr 1(13)

175-184

EN

In the article the author analyzes the major causes of the outbreak of the economic crisis in Greece. In his opinion they are: mistaken economic policy of the state, not taking structural changes of the economy and not using the chances of globalization and the membership in the European Union to increase the competitiveness of the economy. The author also shows the chances to solve the crisis.

5

Political Reforms Based on Human Capital Research Programme

75%

Dobija M.

Argumenta Oeconomica Cracoviensia

|

2012

|

nr 8

9-29

EN

The aim of this paper is to introduce a political programme of reforms stemming from human capital research conducted over more than 15 years. Recognition of the abstract nature of capital has made alternative research possible. Human capital ‒ the human ability to do work ‒ is under the authority of all fundamental laws established in respect of the general notion of capital as spontaneous, and possessing random diffusion and limited growth. The phenomenon of human capital’s natural dispersion is a starting point for the theory of the minimum wage, which ought to be sufficient to counterbalance the natural thinning out of the initial human capital of an employee. The essence of the money economy reveals an abstract triad: capital – labour – money, where capital is the ability to do work, labour is the transfer of capital to products, and wages receivable correctly defines money earned by employees. The only proper money creating process is through labour. Money is a certification of work done; therefore labour is always self-financing. Using this theoretical framework, governments can eliminate budget deficits, and reduce direct taxes and unemployment while avoiding inflation. If the compensation paid in the public sector comes from the funds collected by taxation, then the economy works as a scarcity machine. In the reshaped economic system, the Central Bank directly transfers salaries earned by the public sector employees to their bank accounts. The budgets are then balanced, the direct taxes are limited, and the public debt no longer grows. The modern equation of exchange involves labour productivity as a fundamental economic ratio.

6

THE BUDGET DEFICIT AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (Deficyt budzetu panstwa i aktywnosc gospodarcza)

75%

Krawczyk M.

Ekonomista

|

2009

|

nr 5

559-578

EN

In economic theory the budget deficit policy is a controversial issue and economists dispute over its potency to stimulate the economy. In the case of deficit which results from increased budgetary expenditure the discussion concentrates on such issues as how lasting are the changes in employment, output and prices caused by deficit spending and to what extent the crowding-out effect would raise interest rates and lead to a reduction of households' expenditure. The influence of the deficit on economic activity is ambigious because much depends on what households do when new treasury bills flow into their portfolios. Economic crises make this influence quite uncertain as households' expectations tend to become unstable and their decisions unpredictable . In such a situation the success of the budget deficit policy depends on the ability of policy makers to moderate the behaviour of households.