The Polish economy is facing a green revolution with the implementation of European Union (EU) directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Poland could benefit substantially from this shift as it has one of the highest hectarage per capita in the EU and therefore has land resources that could be used for growing plant-based renewable energy sources. However, the development of domestic technologies and know-how is essential if Poland is to take full advantage of the opportunities. Biotechnology should play a pivotal role in the development of technologies which would lead to a bio-based economy for Poland. However, this would require the synergistic action of many sectors: research and development, legislation, and essentially capital investment. This review aims to summarise current biotechnological approaches to bioenergy and to demonstrate how they relate to scientific and economic potential in Poland.
In the review, the current state of the art, problems and perspectives in the development of the economically feasible production of fuel ethanol from a plant biomass (lignocellulose) are presented. The metabolic engineering of microorganisms directed to design the strains with the improved ability to alcoholic fermentation (expansion of a spectrum of fermenting substrates, increase in the fermentation rate and the yield of ethanol, tolerance to ethanol and the inhibitors present in lignocellulose hydrolyzates, thermotolerance, ability to simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses together with alcoholic fermentations of hexoses and penthoses) are considered. The information about the new pilot plants on fuel ethanol production from lignocellulose, which were recently started up in Canada and Sweden is presented. Justification of carrying out the corresponding studies in Poland is discussed.
Economical and ecological advantages of use of pellets as alternative fuel in Ukraine are analysed. The expediency of transition from traditional fuel to pellets in heat supply sphere is economically proved.
Possibilities of biohydrogen fuel storing were represented. Hydrogen can be store in gas, liquid or constant form. Technological, material and economic hydrogen storing determinates were shown. Experiments and researches on finding optimal hydrogen storage methods have been taken into consideration.
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