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1

War gases in the southern Baltic Sea

100%

Korzeniewski K.

Oceanological Studies

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1994

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nr 67/10

91-101

EN

This paper presents the results of research on the influence of war gas dumped in the Baltic Sea on people who live and work in this area.The research was based on accessible information and literature.

2

Vegetation along the Polish Coast of the southern Baltic in 1992-95

100%

Plinski M. , Kwiatkowska B. , Jozwiak T.

Oceanological Studies

|

1996

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tom 25

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nr 4

81-95

EN

The vegetation along the Polish coast was subjected to qualitative analysis. 38 plant taxa were identified: 24 Chlorophyta, 3 Pheophyta, 9 Rhodophyta and 5 Spermatophyta. The seasonal variation in the occurrence of macrophytobenthos in the Gulf of Gdansk was studied. Green algae were most abundant in the summer (May-September), red algae in the autumn (August-November). A significant expansion of Ectocarpaceae species was found to have oc-curred. Ectocarpus siliculosus and Pilayella litoralis, especially the later, are species which have expanded along the whole Polish coast. Enteromorpha species, mainly E. compressa and E. intestinalis, and also Cladophora species, especially C. albida, C. sericea and C. vaga-bunda were common. The changes observed in the vegetation during the last few years show that the increase in trophy is significant because the species diversity has shifted to the domi-nance of one or a few species occurring at very high densities

3

Thermohaline conditions in the Gdansk Basin

80%

Cyberska B. , Krzyminski W.

Oceanological Studies

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1996

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tom 25

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nr 1-2

17-39

EN

The analysis of thermohaline conditions in the Gdansk Basin in the period 1989-1993 is presented against the background of long-term changes.The assessment is based on daily measurements of temperature and salinity at shore stations (Gdynia, Hel, Wladyslawowo) and the results from observations during monthly research cruises.The most characteristic feature of this period was deep stagnetion from 1979 onwards, with declining tendencies in salinity and density reported in all layers of the water column; the negative trend in water temperature was retarded, however, in January and December 1993 and March 1994 substantial inflows of saline water from the North Sea caused a temporary increase in salinity in the Gdansk Basin, at the same time raising and strengthening the halocine.

4

Modelling the material uptake and deposition of the Mytilus edulis in the Baltic coastal ecosystem

80%

Zemlys P. , Daunys D. , Razinkovas A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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nr 2

53-80

EN

A model was developed to describe the material uptake and biodeposition of bivalve Mytilus edulis. The existing blue mussel organism level models are based on contradictory assumptions and no agreement has still been found regarding the processes and environmental factors to be included into the model. A reconciliation of contradictory approaches was successfully done in the present model. Using seston concentration, seston organic content and mussel size as input data, the model is able to predict the uptake of suspended material, selection of organic particles and material allocation as pseudofaeces, ingested, assimilated fractions and faeces. The results of the model application to mussels in the south-eastern Baltic conditions are discussed.

5

Background/reference values and environmental quality criteria as applied to the Southern Baltic

80%

Lysiak-Pastuszak E. , Drgas N.

Oceanological Studies

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2002

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tom 31

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nr 1-2

99-106

EN

In view of the fact that the Water Framework Directive of the European Community has come into force, efforts have been undertaken within HELCOM to elaborate environmental quality criteria based on background/reference values. The purpose of the environmental quality criteria is to enable local and regional authorities and others to make accurate assessments of the environmental quality on the basis of the available data on the state of the environment and thus to obtain a better basis for environmental planning and management. The environmental quality of the marine environment is determined in terms of threats to the environment: eutrophication, toxic pollutants - organic compounds, heavy metals and physical disturbance. The parameters used to assess the eutrophication are nutrients and Secchi depth. Metals and toxic organic pollutants are assessed in sediment and organisms. A clear definition of the term ?background concentrations? is being formulated. In this communique, a short review of the Polish historical data, which may serve as background values for nutrients, is presented together with a brief description of the current environmental disturbances.

6

Toxic metals in bottom sediments and ferromanganese concretions of the Southern Baltic Sea

80%

Szefer P.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

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tom 29

|

nr 1

31-55

EN

Horizontal and vertical distributions of micro- and macroelements in sediment from the Southern Baltic (including the Vistula Lagoon) are discussed. Variations of concentrations of trace metals and rare earth elements (REE) in ferromanganese concretions sampled from S?upsk Furrow in the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone are characterized. The lack of positive cerium anomalies in the concretions from S?upsk Furrow indicates that they were formed under less oxidizing conditions than spheroidal concretions from the Gulf of Bothnia. M?ssbauer studies indicate that poorly crystalline lepidocrosite is the principal iron oxyhydroxide mineral present in these concretions. It is concluded that Ag, Cd, Pb, Zn and possibly Cu are anthropogenic in origin. The concentrations of these elements decrease sharply with depth in the sediment column and the elements are preferentially enriched in the < 2 ?m size fraction of the sediment. The anthropogenic elements show no systematic decrease in concentration with depth in a sediment core collected near the mouth of the Vistula River. This reflects the higher sedimentation rate there such that the entire upper 20 cm of the core was deposited during the major, post-war period of industrialization in Poland. It is suggested that the heavy metals are mainly adsorbed on Fe oxyhydroxide particles with diameters greater than 2 ?m at the hydrological front where the Vistula River waters mix with brackish Baltic waters. It appears that heavy-metal pollution of sediments in some parts of Puck Bay may be greater than that near the mouth of the Vistula River which may reflect, in part, the higher sedimentation rate near the mouth of the Vistula River. The mode of incorporation of heavy metals into the sediments in the two areas may also be different. It is speculated that Cu, Zn and Ag have been introduced recently into the sediments of the Gulf of Gda?sk principally from the Vistula River, whereas Cd and Pb have been transported, in part, from the atmosphere. Cd like Pb is a volatile element easily subjected to atmospheric transport. The dual source of Cd and Pb (atmospheric and riverine) reaching the Gulf of Gda?sk may explain the complex interelement relationships displayed by these elements in the sediments of this region. Ag, on the other hand, is introduced into the marine environment mainly with sewage sludge.

7

The relationship between Secchi depth

80%

Matciak M. , Renk H.

Oceanological Studies

|

1997

|

tom 26

|

nr 2-3

31-37

EN

Seawater transparency estimated by means of the Secchi disc depth depends on all optically active water constituents, among them the chlorophyll a concentration. This parameter is very important for primary production studies, and it might be very useful to investigate its relationship to the water transparency measured in such an easy way. Long-term observations of the chlorophyll a concentration and the associated Secchi disc depth from three stations in the southern Baltic are presented. The data were collected during almost twenty five years (1971-1995). The correlation between these parameters and the influence of chlorophyll a concentrations on the Secchi disc depth are examined.

8

Changes in phytoplankton pigments composition during 2000 in different southern Baltic regions

80%

Ston J. , Kosakowska A.

Oceanological Studies

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2002

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tom 31

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nr 1-2

75-89

EN

The results of differences in phytoplankton pigments composition are presented in this paper. Samples from the Southern Baltic taken during three cruises on r/v ?Oceania? (14.02 - 28.02.2000, 06.05 - 16.05.2000 and 20.09 - 01.10.2000) were examined. Qualification and quantification analyses of chlorophylls and carotenoids present in samples of naturally existing phytoplankton were based on the RP-HPLC technique. Seasonal and spatial variability in pigment characteristics was observed in the analysed seasons. Presence of: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c1+c2, chlorophyll b, alloxanthin, zeaxanthin, fucoxanthin, peridinin, neoxanthin, diadinoxanthin - was noted in every season; violaxanthin and beta-carotene - only in May and September. Lutein was detected only in May samples. The quantity of May and September pigments exceeded 2-6 times the February pigments content. Vertical differentiation in the pigments amount was also noted. Spatial variability emphasized the influence of Vistula and Odra water masses. Different markers of phytoplankton species were found in each season: in February - cryptophytes (alloxanthin), May - diatoms (fucoxanthin) and September - cyanophytes and dinophytes (containing zeaxanthin and diadinoxanthin).

9

Water cooling, ice formation and some physical properties of sea ice in Puck Lagoon

80%

Urbanski J. A.

Oceanological Studies

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2001

|

tom 30

|

nr 1-2

87-98

EN

In Puck Lagoon the net long-wave radiation is the dominant heat flux causing water to cool during winter. Ice formation depends mainly on wind conditions. Since the temperature of Puck Lagoon ice is almost always higher than ?8?C, solid salt crystals are not present in the ice. The mean salinity of the sea ice is 1.57 psu with a maximum of 4.84 psu. The ice porosity ranges from 0.3% to 7.7% and strongly influences the thermal conductivity of the sea ice in Puck Lagoon. Puck Lagoon is situated in the shallow western part of the Gulf of Gdansk and is about 100 km2 in area. The mean depth is 3.5 m and the salinity can approach 8 psu. The total range of the instantaneous water level is about 1 m. Sea ice forms in Puck Lagoon every year. From 1950 to 1990 there was ice cover on an average of 60-80 days (Szefler 1993). Long periods of fast ice (about 70 days) are typical in this area. The mean date of the first ice in the lagoon is 15 December. The thickness of this first ice increases until March, the average maximum thickness being about 30 cm.

10

On the usefulness of NOAA-AVHRR satelite data for estimating the component content in Baltic Sea water

80%

Oleszewski J. , Kowalczuk P. , Darecki M.

Oceanological Studies

|

1995

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nr 68/8

51-60

EN

The hypothetical response of the visible channel of the NOAA satelite detectors is discussed in order to discover to what extend the content of Baltic water can be distinguished.The experimental data from the spring of 1993 shows that, the applicability of the detector has been proven only in the direct evaluation of total suspended matter (TSM) concentration.The limitation ranges of TSM concentration for good and poor AVHRR detection are given.The results are illustrated with some AVHRR images, processed into the spatial distribution of total suspended in the Baltic's surface layer.

11

Total mercury content in fish from the Gulf of Gdansk

80%

Falandysz J. , Piotrowska M. , Wlodarczyk J. , Chwir A. , Marcinowicz^A. , Marcinowicz A.

Oceanological Studies

|

1994

|

nr 67/10

59-64

EN

Concentratin of total mercury was determined in muscle tissue of cod Gadus morhua, herring Clupea harengus, eel Anguilla anguilla, calpout Zoarces viviparus, perch Perca fluvitalis, pikeperch Stizostedion lucioperca, sand eel Hyperoplus lanceolatus, round goby Negobius melanostomus, brown trout Salmo trutta, trout Salmo gairdneri, flounder Platychtis flesus, turbot Psetta mazima, smelt Osmerus eperlanus and sculpin Cottus scorpius caught in the Gulf of Gdansk in 1986-1993.The measurements of mercury concentrations were performed by the method of cold vapour atomic absorption spectrmetry (CV-AAS), after wet digestion of samples with concentrated nitric acid.The highest mean concentration of mercury was found in eelpout, the lowest one in pikeperch.The possitive linear correlations has been found between the body length and mercury concentration in perch, eelpout, sand launce and flounder.

12

Wind-induced variability of hydrological parameters in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea - a numerical study

80%

Jankowski A.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

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tom 29

|

nr 3

5-34

EN

Abstract The wind-produced variability of temperature, salinity and velocity in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea have been investigated with the help of a three-dimensional F-coordinate baroclinic model. The model was based on the Princeton Ocean Model code of Mellor (1993), known as POM. The main intention of this study was to reproduce the variability of the hydrological conditions as the response of stratified seawaters to the model atmospheric forcing of three successive storms. Winds of constant speed from eight directions over the Baltic during each storm were considered. The presentation of results is limited to the area along the Polish coasts of the Baltic Sea, where the complicated bottom topography exerts a crucial influence on water movements. The numerical model runs show that winds can play an important role in the water exchange between the coastal region and the open sea, generating intense fluctuations of hydrological parameters. When winds are from the SE, E and NE, coastal upwelling is frequent along the Polish Baltic coast (Bychkova and Victorov 1987, Bychkova et al. 1988, Urbanski 1993). The results calculated with the use of the POM code are in agreement with the results obtained using the z-level model (Krauss and Br?gge 1991) and from studies in the Great Lakes and in other upwelling areas (Bennet 1974, Krauss 1979, Fennel 1986).

13

A study of the effec of the Oder estuary on contamination of the Baltic waters with oil

80%

Kirkiewicz J.

Oceanological Studies

|

1994

|

nr 66/7

157-166

EN

Basing on the literature, the sources of the contamination of the Baltic Sea waters with oil are presented.The spectral method of measuring the content of pertoleum products in water is described.The autor also presents the effect of the Oder estuary on contamination of the Baltic with oil on the basis of his own research.

14

The water exchange in estuarine lakes of the southern Baltic Sea as on the Gardno Lake example

80%

Jedrasik J. , Cyberski C. J. , Cyberski J.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

|

tom 29

|

nr 3

43-66

EN

The study of the Lake Gardno uses methodology that enables to estimate a magnitude of the sea inflows, their conditioning and timing as well as frequencies of their occurrence in lake estuaries. A three dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to the linked regions of the Baltic Sea and the Gardno Lake. The quantitative estimates allow verifying the previous calculations of the water balance including long term changes.

15

Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic sea

80%

Korzeniewski K.

Oceanological Studies

|

1999

|

tom 28

|

nr 1-2

83

EN

The article reviews of the state of investigations concerning the threat of chemical warfare agents (CWA) dumped in the Baltic Sea to the health of people making use of the sea. The paper presents the types and quantities of chemical munitions dumped in the Polish sector of the Baltic Sea, the location of dumping sites and localities where accidental injuries to people have taken place. The results of the HELCOM ad hoc Working Group on Dumped War Gas and Ammunition in the Polish Economic Zone are also reviewed. The approximate condition of the dumped CWA and their status on the sea floor are discussed. The Polish studies on the deactivation of CWA are summarised.

16

Macrozoobenthos distribution in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk - autumn 1994 and summer 1995

80%

Osowiecki A.

Oceanological Studies

|

1998

|

tom 27

|

nr 4

123-136

EN

The macrozoobenthos investigation carried out in autumn 1994 and summer 1995 along with a review of literature data enabled the author to specify the condition and changes in the bottom macrofauna communities in the Gulf of Gdansk. No substantial changes have been found over the last 30 years. In the 90s, in 1995 in particular, a difficult to interpret increase in abundance and biomass of macrozoobenthos occurred.

17

The Slupsk Furrow as a marine protected area in the Baltic

80%

Drzycimski I.

Oceanological Studies

|

2000

|

tom 29

|

nr 2

33-41

EN

Long-term series of hydrographic and biological data show the Slupsk Furrow to be the only Baltic deep area devoid of H2S, its bottom being inhabited by a number of marine species not found in other Baltic deeps (Bornholm, Gdansk, and Gotland Deeps). For this reason, it is necessary to grant the Slupsk Furrow the status of a marine protected area as a habitat and refuge of species absent in other Baltic Proper deeps.

18

Sedimentary structure of the storm surge washover fan on the lake Bukowo spit

80%

Rudowski S. , Wroblewski W. R. , Wroblewski R.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

|

tom 29

|

nr 3

101-107

EN

A storm surge washover fan on the Lake Bukowo spit (kilometre 287.3 of the Polish Baltic coast) is described in detail. The in-depth examination of the fan relief and sedimentary facies allowed to identify two subfacies represented by the fan channel and the fan core. The importance of washover fan facies for the structure and development of sandy barriers as well as for shore sediment budget and shore protection is stressed.

19

Temporal variations in phosphorus species in the surface layer of bottom sediments from the Gulf of Gdansk - preliminary research

80%

Graca B. , Bolalek B. J. , Bolalek J.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

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tom 29

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nr 4

55-64

EN

Temporal variations in phosphorus species [total phosphorus (Ptot), organic phosphorus (Porg), total inorganic phosphorus (Pmin), phosphorus bound to calcium (PCa), aluminium (PAl) and iron (PFe)] were studied in the surface layer of bottom sediments from the Gulf of Gda?sk. These changes were caused mainly by variability in Porg, PAl and PFe concentrations and were closely related to the growth cycle in the basin. The phosphorus concentration was higher in the spring and summer (April - September) that in the autumn and winter (November-March). For much of the year concentrations of Pmin were higher than those of organic phosphorus. The prevalent form of inorganic phosphorus was PCa, whose concentrations exceeded those of iron- and aluminium-bound phosphorus.

20

Anthropogenic factors, sedimentation rates, vertical movements and the prognoses of the east Baltic Sea development according to the data of comparative sedimentological analysis

80%

Pustelnikovas O.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

|

tom 29

|

nr 1

101-116

EN

In the process of sea development, the water level fluctuations, neotectonic movements, sedimentation rates and anthropogenic factors play an important role. Water level fluctuation and vertical movements determine the rates of long-term sedimentation. The sea level rises South of 56?N, its amplitude has been increasing from 1.5 mm y-1 (at the beginning of the 20th century) to 3-4 mm y-1 (predicted for the 22nd century). The rise of land is evident in the Central and Northern Baltic (1-9 mm y-1). These factors speed up the erosion of shallowing areas, eutrophication and accumulation of sedimentary matter in local basins. The latter processes complicate the ecological situation in the river mouth areas. The chemical composition of sediments reflect the nature of ground rocks in the denudation basin and change climatic conditions. The anthro-pogenic activity takes place in the river mouth areas, lagoons and other geochemical barriers. The mentioned factors influence the rates of sedimentation (0.6-7.5 mm y-1) which reach their maximum in the shallow areas of the East Baltic (2.5-7.5 mm y-1).