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1

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial properties of Annona muricata extracts against certain human pathogens

100%

Oluyege J. O. , Orjiakor P. I. , Badejo O. E.

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2019

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tom nr 60 (132)

203--209

EN

All over the world, the use of medicinal plants is gaining more acceptability due to the possibility of discovering novel drugs from them and solving the problem of antimicrobial resistance associated with conventional antibiotics. The phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of crude extracts of the leaves, stems, and bark of Annona muricata were evaluated on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typimurium, while the antifungal properties were evaluated against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. The Agar well method was used for the study. At concentrations of 150 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml, inhibitory effects were observed on E. coli and S. aureus, with a visible zone of inhibition ranging from 15 mm to 21 mm respectively, and with respect to N- hexane, an antimicrobial activity range of 5 mm to 20 mm, for the leaf extract, which shows effective antimicrobial action against E. coli and S. aureus. Hot water extracts were observed to possess more bioactive compounds compared to organic solvent extracts, and exhibit higher ranges of activity against the tested bacterial species. All extracts exhibited low anti-fungal activity in the range of 8 mm to 15 mm. The phytochemical screening of the extracts of different parts of A. muricata revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was compared with a standard antibiotic, ketoconazole, and with ampicillin, which served as the controls). The results showed that A. muricata can be used as an anti-bacterial substance, since it shows broad spectrum activity against a range of bacteria responsible for the most common bacterial illnesses. Further research will be necessary to ascertain its full spectrum of efficacy.

2

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antitrypanosomal activity of Annona muricata stem bark extracts

84%

Onyeyili P. A. , Aliyoo K.

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nr 2

EN

The control of trypanosomosis in animals and humans based on chemotherapy is limited and not ideal, since the agents used are associated with severe side effects, and emergence of relapse and drug resistant parasites. The need for the development of new, cheap and safe compounds stimulated this study. Three concentrations (211, 21.1 and 2.11 mg per ml) of chloroform stem bark extract of Annona muricata were screened for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro. Also, two doses (200 mg per kg and 100 mg per kg) of the extract were evaluated for trypanocidal activity in rats infected with the parasite. Haematological parameters were determined on day 1 post infection and on days 1, 6 and 30-post extract treatment. The extracts inhibited parasite motility and totally eliminated the organisms at the concentrations used in vitro. The extract also showed promising in vivo trypanocidal activity. The observed in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activities may be due to the presence of bioactive compounds present in the extracts as seen in this study. The extract also improved the observed decreases in haematological parameters of the treated rats, which may be due to their ability to decrease parasite load. The observed oral LD50 of 1,725.05 mg per kg of the chloroform A. muricata extract using up and down method is an indication of very low toxicity, implying that the extract could be administered with some degree of safety.

PL

Leczenie chemioterapeutykami śpiączki afrykańskiej, tak u ludzi jak i u zwierząt, jest trudne ze względu na powstawanie wielu poważnych objawów niepożądanych oraz wywoływanie zjawiska oporności podczas ich stosowania, co powoduje brak skuteczności i pojawianie się nawrotów tej choroby. Stąd potrzeba znalezienia nowego skutecznego i taniego leku była powodem podjęcia badań przedstawianych w tej pracy. Celem badań było określenie aktywności wyciągu chloroformowego z kory Annona muricata stosowanego w warunkach in vitro dla trzech stężeń (211, 21,1 i 2,11 mg/ml) przeciwko aktywności Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Ponadto w badaniach in vivo określano aktywność tego ekstraktu w dwóch dawkach (100 i 200 mg/kg) u szczurów zarażonych pasożytem. Do oceny stanu zwierząt wykorzystano pomiar odpowiednich parametrów hematologicznych po 1 dniu od ich zainfekowania oraz po 1, 6 i 30 dniu podawania badanego wyciągu. W badaniach in vitro we wszystkich zastosowanych stężeniach wyciąg hamował ruchliwość omawianego pasożyta. Ponadto w badaniach in vivo ekstrakt całkowicie eliminował obecność Trypanosoma brucei brucei u zainfekowanych zwierząt, wykazując w ten sposób obiecującą aktywność przeciwko trypanosomatozie. Zaobserwowane działanie, tak in vitro jak i in vivo, było być może związane z obecnością związków czynnych charakteryzujących stosowany wyciąg. Analizowany ekstrakt, prawdopodobnie ze względu na obniżenie liczby pasożytów po jego podawaniu, miał także zdolność poprawiania parametrów hematologicznych u zainfekowanych zwierząt. Ze względu na otrzymaną wartość LD50 dla zastosowanego wyciągu chloroformowego z kory Annona muricata, wynoszącą 1725,05 mg/kg po podaniu dożołądkowym szczurom, można sądzić, że stosowanie badanego wyciągu jest względnie bezpieczne.

3

Comparative Nutritional Composition of Selected Medicinal Fruit Seeds

84%

Awotedu O. L. , Ogunbamowo P. O. , Awotedu B. F. , Ariwoola O. S.

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nr 3

298-310

EN

Fruits producing medicinal plants are particularly desirable, the seeds produced are considered as waste after the fruits are consumed. This study assessed the nutritional constituents of some fruits seeds by assessing the proximate, minerals and vitamins present in the seeds of Citrullus lanatus (Water melon), Malus pumila (Apple), Annona muricata (Sour sap), Persea americana (Avocado), Terminalia catappa (Almond fruit), and Carica papaya (Pawpaw). The proximate analysis, mineral and vitamin composition of the selected medicinal fruit seeds were investigated using the standard method of analysis. On the proximate composition, protein content ranged from 15.21-34.70%, crude fat: 13.82-33.15%, crude fibre: 6.96-21.71%, ash content: 2.62-5.90%, moisture content: 7.81-20.72% and carbohydrate: 12.19-26.58%; for mineral content, Sodium ranged from 26.2-832 mg/kg, Potassium: 571-4862 mg/kg, Calcium: 194-2070 mg/kg, Magnesium: 28-862 mg/kg, Phosphorus: 104-1070 mg/kg, Iron: 2.53-60.00 mg/kg, Manganese: 2.73-240 mg/kg, Copper: 1.64-73.00 mg/kg and Zinc: 3.42-84.00 mg/kg, while for vitamins, vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) content ranged from 1.26-23.54 mg/100g, vitamin E content ranged from 0.70-1.57 mg/100g; vitamin A (β-carotene) content ranged from not detected-5.61 mg/100g, while vitamin B content ranged from 0.02 mg/100g-2.67 mg/100g. The fruits’ seeds show a considerable amount of vital nutritional chemicals which makes them as good as the fruits and could serve as nutraceutical remedy.