From time immemorial the society has had the need of mass entertainment, defined nowadays as the mass events. The example of this can be the organization of the Roman society, where, after analyzing the source materials, we can indicate some numerous examples of the mass events, religious, sports, or political ones. In the Roman legislation we can find a series legal regulations concerning the rules of organizing such events, chiefly, if it is about the public security. In each city, also in Rome, there was the calendar of mass events, which was completed all the time. The bodies responsible for organizing the mass events in Rome were the consuls and ediles, while, in municipalities the duumvirs and ediles. They had to provide the appropriate measures to organize the events and to guarantee the security. In case of the political events, organized during the election, the responsibility lay with the organizers. The security of the participants, particularly at the amphitheatres, was guaranteed through the legislative regulation of the principles of taking the seats at the audience. Breaking the rules was punished by the high fine. The security of the mass events in the Ancient Rome maybe was not so clearly defined as it is nowadays, but it was the matter of the Roman legislators and the public bodies. Hence, during the frequent sports events or the other entertainments organized at the huge buildings, as for example at Circus Maximus, which could contain even about 300,000 spectators, the construction disasters or public riots were the rareness.
The article evaluates the spatial aspects of historical crime novels located in Ancient Rome. In particular, it demonstrates the image of the Roman Empire and the functions of space. This classic mise-en-scène is completely subordinated to the genre convention. The space becomes not only a background but also a component of various criminal actions. Unlike in Agatha Christie’s novels, it does not create an idyllic counterpoint to the murderous instincts of Roman citizens. The article concentrates on the form of historical crime fiction, in which all elements are subordinated to the attractiveness of intrigue. However, it also refers to the cognitive ambitions of the historical novel. So the question is what the reader learns about the SPQR of the declining Republic or about Vespasian Rome. First and foremost, it is the vivid image of the metropolis – chaotic, eclectic and vital. It is the world in a state of territorial expansion. Contrary to the assumption shared by Ryszard Koziołek with David Lowenthal that the past is the domain of otherness and that the difference generates incomprehensibility, this picture seems to be extremely familiar and understandable. This is probably due to the fact that the foreignness of “Romanity” has been familiarized in popular culture.
This article aims to analyse the notion of constitution in Ancient Rome. The word constitution occurs in many historical and legal studies to describe Roman political system. But there is no constitution in Rome in the present meaning of this word. Constitutio is used for the decisions of the Roman emperors. Some epigraphical documents seem however to contain constitutionnal norms. Besides, at the end of the Republic, the idea of constitution seems to appear slightly in the political thought,
PL
Nawet jeśli w wielu opracowaniach naukowych historycznych i prawniczych używany jest termin konstytucja, aby opisać rzymski system polityczny, to w Rzymie nie ma konstytucji w aktualnym znaczeniu tego terminu. Constitutio odnosi się do aktów normatywnych cesarzy. Analiza politycznego i prawniczego słownictwa wykazuje, że nie ma terminu desygnującego właśnie to pojęcie, jednak wiele dokumentów epigraficznych z okresu pryncypatu (na przykład prawa miejskie) wydaje się zawierać normy konstytucyjne. Pojęcie to pojawia się po raz pierwszy, choć jeszcze w przybliżeniu, w refleksji politycznej u schyłku republiki: chodzi wówczas o gromadzenie, porządkowanie ustaw i czuwanie nad równowagą organizacji politycznej.
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