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Świadomość, możliwości i bariery w poradnictwie genetycznym w kierunku mutacji BRCA oferowanym Afroamerykankom i Latynoskom

100%

Michałowska S.

nr 1

175-200

BRCA genetic mutation leads to an increased susceptibility to breast and / or ovarian cancer in the life cycle. Research suggests that African American women use genetic counseling for BRCA less often than White Women. The aim of the review of research work presented in the article is to describe opportunities and barriers present in genetic counseling offered to black women, African-Americans and Latinos. After verification, 16 studies conducted in the years 2012–2019 were subjected to analysis, in which African American, English and Non-English Latin American or mixed samples were tested with partial analysis carried out among African American and / or Latin American Women.

ПОЛІТИКА «ПОЗИТИВНОЇ ДІЇ» ЩОДО АФРОАМЕРИКАНЦІВ У США: ІСТОРИЧНА РЕТРОСПЕКТИВА

100%

Petrauskas O.

nr 27

The article examines the preconditions, the main stages and the process of evolution of Affirmative Action in the United States. Affirmative action is a set of laws, policies, guidelines, and administrative practices intended to correct any form of discrimination. These include government-mandated, government-sanctioned and voluntary private programs that tend to focus on access to education and employment, granting special consideration to historically excluded groups based on race, such as African Americans. Affirmative Action idea was developed by American intellectuals, public figures and politicians during the twentieth century. The article also analyzes government documents that have become the basis of a new approach to US policy on racial issues. The idea of Affirmative action policies first emerged from debates over non-discrimination policies in the 1940s and during the Civil Rights Movement. These debates led to federal executive orders requiring nondiscrimination in the employment policies of some government agencies and contractors in the 1940s and onward, and to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited racial discrimination. So, Affirmative action policy for African Americans in the US arose in the 1960s as a result of the movement of the black people for their rights. To overcome racial problems the United States Government was forced to introduce completely new course which aimed to prohibit discrimination against African Americans. The article analyzes various approaches to Affirmative action towards African Americans. The complexity, controversy and versatility of racial relationships in the United States led to the active scientific and social debate about such a policy. Opponents of Affirmative action argue that these policies amount to reverse discrimination which entails favoring one group over another basing on racial preference rather than achievement, and many believe that the diversity of current American society suggests that affirmative action policies succeeded and are no longer required. In particular, policies adopting racial quotas or gender quotas have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination.