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EN
The major role in contemporary sociology belongs to the issue of autobiography and the so-called biographical method, understood variously. There is a development of research on history of life based on both subjective and objective sources. Professor Szczepanski applies both these ways. The authoress focuses on his works on the course of life, based on scholarly research results, but also on his personal reflections, his own experience and common knowledge. This is what there is to be found in 'Sprawy ludzkie' (1978) (Human Issues) and 'O indywidualnosci' (1988) (On Individuality).
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Content available remote KU GENÉZE AUTOBIOGRAFICKÉHO GESTA V LITERÁRNOM DISKURZE
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The paper studies the theoretical and literary-historical aspect of autobiographical writing, drawing from French theories. It attempts to define the character and content of the concept of autobiographical writing, deals with the problematic of authorial subject, touches upon the problem of historiography, genre characteristics and reception. It briefly describes the development of autobiography in the last two decades.
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Alta Vášová returned to her literary roots in the mid-1990s. The paper deals with the expert reading, analysis of and comments on the proses that she included in her book titled Ostrovy nepamäti (The Islands of Non-Memory, 2008) overlapping with her later books Sfarbenia (Colorations, 2011) and Menoslov (The Name List, 2014). The paper is an attempt at identifying the particularity of the writer´s biographical writing, focus on detail and fragment as meaningful parts of the whole message in the original autobiographical writing. A part included in the paper is a reflection on stylistic possibilities of non-pragmatic narrative, which eliminates the borders between the author, the narrator and the genre in favour of new text strategies.
EN
The aim of study is to analyse essential poet logical aspect of Jan Francisci’s autobiography. Already published source materials and narratological and historiographical secondary literature were used in the process of composing the study. It is mainly focused on the problem of vague genre status of the text in which structure autobiographical and historiographical narrative strategies are alternating. The most substantial issue is the transformation process of historiographical techniques into the text with autographical frameworks and the technique of modification of historiographical perspective into subjective (autobiographical) form in this type of texts. Interpretations which explain subject matter and topic of this text result from the problem mentioned above. The second substantial problem is subjects capturing and its role in the text since it is one of the crucial categories with respect to genre. According to the analyses mentioned in the study the subject captured in Vlastný životopis (My Autobiography) appears peripheral, de-psychologized, without adequate individual attributes and thus as a subject without a concept of autonomous identity. Peripheral status of subject in Francisci’s Autobiography is closely related to predominant historical and social context which represents main story line of thinking. Considering this fact we would like to imply the question whether the structure of the text is not closer to memoirs than to autobiography. Besides these the study touches upon a category of narrator, his competency and position in relation to the reader.
EN
Approximately 16,000 people left Estonia during 1924-1938. Among the new destinations, the most important ones were South American countries, especially Argentina and Brazil. At the time, Argentina was an attractive destination for immigrants. In the first half of the 20th century, Argentina surpassed the majority of European countries with regard to the income per capita, health care and education. The first larger group of Estonians (30-50 people) arrived in Argentina in 1924. In each following year, the number of Estonian immigrants fluctuated between 40 and 60, so that by 1930, about 300-350 Estonians lived in Argentina, mostly in the capital Buenos Aires. The current article examines, on one hand, the relationship between (external) environmental conditions of migration and (internal) personal migration related decisions. On the other hand, the micro level of migration is analysed through a biographical narrative, particularly focusing on the impact of personal migration and the adaptation story on the retrospective autobiography. The micro level of migration is observed mainly on the basis of an autobiographical novel by Raimund Podder. His earlier written travelogue, and the letters and surveys of other Estonian settlers in Argentina offer opportunities for substantial comparisons. Text examples from the writings of R. Podder, presented in this article, are inclined to give evidence of a typical voluntary labour migrant: young, unmarried man, whose first phases of adaptation pass without obstacles. However, some background information allows the conclusion that the orientation phase of the adaptation was not without conflicting moments which could leave a nostalgic stamp on the retrospective analysis of his personal life.
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The object of the study is a novella 'Prutene kresla' (Basket Chairs, 1963) written by Dominik Tatarka. This novella was published altogether with his other prose 'Demon suhlasu' (Demon of Permission). The Basket Chairs signalised the new and later also characteristic features of Tatarka's auctorial idiolect. After existentially surrealistic beginning and ideologically incorrect continuance Tatarka's prose had been since the end of 50-tieth (from his bi-novella 'Rozhovory bez konca' (Endless Conversations, 1959) influenced by his effort to find his own strategy in creating his message about the contemporary ethic and aesthetic problems. A theme of existence for other person became for him a medium of such message. It meant a voluntary but also spontaneous fellowship, personal involvement in a life and destiny of a neighbour. Since the end of 50-tieth Tatarka's literary works pursued 'hand by hand' with his essays and reportages. In spite of the author's as well as period's limits the novella 'Prutene kresla' connects all mentioned above influences in a good way. Modernity in that text bears a character of self-discovery and self-identification in the existentially vulnerable historical period and as well as in cosmopolite space of later taboo 'western' world. Except of that in a very interesting way the author worked with traditional cliche of a courteousness love epic. In that text Tatarka discovered his typical autobiographic protagonist who became a narrator. It makes the novella quite important in the context of his proses. Tatarka's narrator's stylisation is based on a connection between reminiscent story telling and evocation with exemplary didactic effects.
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The research into spatial categories is enjoying a lot of attention in contemporary literary theory as well as in interdisciplinary research. In the introduction the author of the paper offers an overview of certain theoretical and practical approaches to the phenomenon of town in Central Europe. Then he deals with the autobiographical proses written by Ján Rozner (1922 – 2006), especially the books Noc po fronte (The Night after the Front, 2010) and Výlet na Devín (The Trip to the Devín Castle, 2011). The attention is mainly paid to the analysis of the relationships between: 1.) the literary representation of the urban space 2.) the autobiographical genre and 3.) the writer´s personality. He arrives at the conclusion that in case of J. Rozner´s prosaic work the three theoretical issues are inseparably connected. „Rozner´s“ Bratislava is not only the background in his proses, the space effectively contributes to the way the writer artistically captures the basic subject, which is the relationship between the Central European intellectual and the complicated cultural and political history of the region in the 20th century. J. Rozner uses retrospective narration in order to come to terms with his own problematic past and the literary representation of Bratislava serves as part of the process of intellectual „reanimation“ of the writer in contemporary Slovak culture.
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The ambiguousness of the genre structure of Bunin's Nobel Prize novel 'The Life of Arsenyev' (1927-1933) is determined by the complexity of its intratextual composition which developed against the background of Russian and West-European modernism as a variant of self-reconstruction and self-representation of the autobiographical subject. Up till now it has remained an open and discussed phenomenon in literary science evoking the creativity of methodological approaches and textual interpretations, which enable the work to be designated as a lyrical-autobiographical confession, phenomenological novel, autobiographical metatext, modern existential autobiography, auto-fiction, auto-reflection, self-identification, as well as 'poema' in prose, fictional autobiography, auto-reminiscence and memoir-novel. The problem of the genre identification of Bunin's text, which is perceived at the boundary between a traditional autobiography and a modern novel, is determined by the central lines of the author's conception of the work. Their basic feature is the ambivalence of the internal text organisation in the sense of: 1.- past – present, 2.- domestic - foreign, 3.- lyrical – epic, 4. - classical - modern, 5.- reality (documentarity) - fiction, which can be analysed in the discourse of the Russian emigrant literature of the first half of the 20th century, when the genre of the artistic autobiography reached a dominant status.
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Content available remote (NE)MOŽNOSŤ AUTOBIOGRAFIE V DIELE KARLA ČAPKA “OBYČAJNÝ ŽIVOT”
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The paper interprets “Obyčejný život”, a work by Karel Čapek in the context of the late 20th century autobiography theories. Previous interpretations are more or less dominated by the so called noetic aspects, however, the autobiographical difficulties raised by the work, the impossibility of imagining life as narration, and facing the multifacetedness of the self-raise the possibility of employing autobiographical considerations. An interesting feature of the analysed work is that it includes an embedded story, an autobiographical text, which has a double structure: the first part includes a traditional autobiography; the second part consists of the dismantlement, rethinking and re-evaluation of the first part. The aim of this anti-autobiography is to liberate the autobiographer from his illusions about the working of an autobiography and to point at the failure of idealized preconceptions about life story narration. An anti-autobiography works as meta-autobiography and rewrites the relationship of the autobiography and the autobiographer. It intends to riddle the autobiographer ś myth about his/her own autobiographer: it points at the fact that the autobiographer works with a distorting memory instead of a precise one and employs metaphorical narration instead of metonymical, presents only life fragments instead of a whole life story and instead of a homogeneous self it presents multiple, heterogeneous subject.
EN
The present paper deals with the specific poetics of literary critical writings which were published in Slovak literary samizdat in the late 1980s. They are writings which were published in selected samizdat editions of magazine Fragment K in 1987-89. The set of values of the Slovak dissident community in the area of literary criticism in the period of time in question was mainly formed by Ivan Kadlečík, Milan Šimečka a Martin M. Šimečka. The reviews, glosses, feuilletons feature strong autobiographic elements. The magazine Fragment K also paid attention to the official literary periodicals (especially Literárny týždenník) and reviewed the Soviet film production strongly influenced by Gorbachev´s Perestroika. The scope and character of the magazine, especially the volumes mentioned above, became more and more similar to the standard literary periodical. In spite of the difficult conditions its editors and publishers permanently faced (repressive activities of the State police), the magazine cultivated the space of free literary production.
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The work of Milan Simecka (1930 - 1990) is known in Slovakia predominantly in connection with his activities of a secularly oriented dissent. From the perspective of a literary genre the attention of literary theorists and critics was drawn to his journalism and essayistic, in which his civic attitudes are reflected. Less attention was given to his epistolary - memoir works, where we can identify in significant presence of aesthetic moments. This is what the author of the study wants to stress. Simecka's 'Letters from the prison' (1999) are an object of interpretation.. He wrote them during politically motivated imprisonment in 1981-1982. Simecka's letters are marked by actual life situation - their author had to count with permanent presence of prison censorship and creates his own language and 'substitute' apolitical themes connected with his private life. That is why he works more with metonymy and metaphor and he is more 'artistic' than openly socially -critical, as it is visible in his journalistic and essayistic works from the 70th and 80th. The author of the study refers to the text of Peter Zajac 'Aesthetic as a Life Principal', where this aspect of the works of Simecka was correlated to European philosophical tradition. Thematic pendant to Simecka's letters a German protestant theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer's letters from prison are shown 'On the Way To Freedom' and letters of Václav Havel, published as 'Letters to Olga'. The common experience in the extreme life situation made them connected. They result in the same reaction - creating an alternative reality differently structured from the true one behind the walls of their prison. The study reflects theoretic results of a Czech literary critic J. Lopatka, who in the 80th dealt with autobiographic genres. From the stylistic aspect the author of the study analyses Simecka's letters as a proto-text of 'erziehungsnovel', from the aspect aesthetics and of value he put him into wider Czecho-Slovak literary and philosophic context (V. Havel, L. Vaculik, D. Tatarka, I. Kadlecik, R. Sloboda, K. Kosik, J. Patocka, V. Belohradský). The author of the study compares a philosophical essay 'Letters about the Character of Reality', which is also included into these texts, with Bondy's 'Consolation from Ontology', which is a 'classical' work of Czech philosophical underground. He points out an ecologic measure of Simecka's opinions, rooted in the reforming Marxism of the 60th, as well as in the critic of technocratism in the works of representatives of the Frankfurt School.
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Content available remote O NESPOLEHLIVOSTI VZPOMÍNEK: PŘÍPAD AUTOFIKČNÍ TRILOGIE J. M. COETZEEHO
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The paper deals with the fictionalized reminiscent narration (so-called auto-fiction) in J. M. Coetzee’s loose trilogy Boyhood (1997), Youth (2002) and Summertime (2009). The auto-fictional nature of Coetzee’s books is based on a double, intersecting pact between the author and the reader: on the one hand, the reader is instructed to see the narrative as a true depiction of the author’s life, but on the other hand the narrative contains marks of fictionalization, which call this depiction into question or cancel it. By this tension, Coetzee thematises noetic questions of the nature of human memory and identity, and reflects on the very core of auto-biographical writing. In addition, the paper briefly discusses Coetzee’s conception of so-called autrebiography.
EN
The study deals with the autobiographical writings by the Slovak prose writer Vincent Šikula. It tracks the development and the contemporary transformations of the author´s self-image from the beginning of his career as a writer in the 1960s until the end of his life in 2001. It builds on widely available sources, i.e. Šikula´s non-fiction writings of memoir nature, such as reflections on him and the others, biographical sketches, essays, the answers in interviews, articles and surveys and so on. The author approaches them as a Modern subjective and therefore biased representation. The individual phases of his creative life show that Šikula saw his past and present in different ways. The form of his self-presentation was defined by the inner, in the course of time changing motivations and ambitions that is the efforts to take a certain place in the contemporary literary and public cultural environment, as well as the outer conditions and constraints, which underwent changes, too. Šikula began to create his own „portrait of the artist“ meant for the public as early as he embarked on his career as a writer in the mid-1960s, then in the following two decades he presented his modified version adjusted to the times, and in the period of time after the year 1990 the image became somehow completed and after his death definite. However, none of the depictions of his life in any of the periods of time mentioned contradicts what he had said about himself previously or would say later, the individual versions of him did not rule out the others, although in each of them he placed weight on a different aspect of his writer life.
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2010
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tom 57
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nr 4
431-440
EN
Gunter Grass's Book Peeling the Onion created confusion when published in Germany. By writing it the author has revealed that during the Second World War he had been enlisted into the Waffen SS. This is a book oscillating between self therapy and self creation. Grass says he has written an autobiography because he wanted to have the last word, but how should it be understood? On one hand we could assume the reason why Grass has written a book like this was to deal with his past, to get rid of feelings of remorse and guilt that had tormented him. On the other hand it is possible that this book came into being in order to create an image of Grass the way he would like to be seen. This article is an attempt at considering both options.
EN
The preacher and musician P. Paulinus Bajan OFM (1721–1792) was a prominent figure of eighteenth-century Slovakia. Having received his primary and secondary education from the Jesuits in his native town of Skalica, Bajan decided to join the Franciscan Order in 1740. He did his novitiate in Pruské, than he studied philosophy in Eger and moral theology in Vác, following which he was ordained priest in 1746. Father Paulinus spent his life in various convents of the Salvatorian province. After a few initial years spent in present-day Hungary (Eger, Széchény, Vác), he was, upon his own request, transferred to Slovakia where he remained permanently, being active as an organ player, instructing young friars in singing and organ-playing , and finally becoming an eminent preacher. The places of his abode in Slovakia included Prešov, Hlohovec, Beckov, and Skalica. His extant works consist of fourteen music collections, which contain also his own compositions, as well as four thick volumes of sermons written in Slovak. It is at the end of the fourth volume of the said sermons that Bajan inserted his Latin autobiography which he wrote in the period 1772–1775, that is, after he had finished his preaching career. This autobiography is now being presented to scholars in our critical edition together with a Slovak translation, with the hope that it will serve as a basis for further research. Father Paulinus’s autobiography is quite special in that it contains a great number of his childhood memories, partly reported to him by his relatives, as well as memories of hi school years, including his musical education, and a lively account of his time spent in Hungarian convents where he among other things experienced repeated bullying from his superiors on account of his being Slovak. These are all authentic memories, though sometimes they may not precisely match the actual facts due to Father Paulinus’s expressive way of putting things and occasional mistakes in dates. He recorded his life as he remembered it, in an enthralling style, using the kind of informal, conversational Latin he spoke with his co-brethren. Like the Slovak language of his sermons, the Latin of his autobiography is charged with emotion, which makes him a typical product of the Baroque era. Symbolically enough, Father Bajan ended his autobiography in the middle of a sentence when referring to the ascension to the throne of Joseph II whose church reforms had a most distressing impact on his religious congregation.
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In the recent decades of the 20th century, little interest about empirical authors within modern literary science, has been problematical mainly in Polish literary practice. The author has been returning into Polish literary scholarly reflection by several ways: as a result of an incursion into the literature of paraliterary genres; as bringing the auto-consciousness of the author to present time, which starts the mechanism of mimesis; as a part of meta-fiction. The conception of a biographical triangle by Czerminska (evidence, profession, challenge) is presented on the background of a discussion on functions and conceptions of genealogical studying of literature (Balcerzan, Bartoszynski, Balbus). A characteristic tendency in Polish literature to mark the work of art by the person of the author, which is treated in the conception of presence of the author in a work as a process (not an artefact), has been approached by Zieniewicz as a style of behaving and style of realness, and, for example, presented by Nycz in a more widely conceived biographical discourse. For the authors of the youngest generation the auto/biographical methods of older generations become biographical figures, which are possible to use in diversely conceived situations of narration and metafiction. In the end of the study it is stated that in the Polish literary scholarly reflection different tendencies are present: studying literature in the framework of genealogical systems as well as discursive approach, in which genealogical notions are suppressed.
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The article written on two discussions of the 1980s is a commentary of the literary-historical changes in that period of time. The author using two novels by the controversial writer Rudolf Sloboda tries to show how critics of the 1980s dealt with their presence in literature. The 1980s were the natural backgrounds for the problem. It is also important to realize how ambiguous they were. What is interesting in this context is the unstated presence of the notions author, subject, author´s subjectivity, authenticity and autobiography in the discussions about Sloboda´s writings. There, in two of the discussions appear names which represent rigid or more moderate criticism. At the same time, they are the accurate reflection of the literary criticism in the 1980s ranging from censorship to self-censorships methods.
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2010
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tom 6
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nr 2
60-80
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In the article the issue of process structures in the autobiography of Alice Salomon and a relation between biographical and collective trajectory. Besides the introductory information on the pioneer of social work in Germany herself and her international career in organizations of women's movement in the article the analysis of process structures in her autobiography is presented together with theoretical inspirations, methodological remarks and data on the text. In contrast to the analysis of autobiographical utterances of Rudolph Hoess enclosed in three articles by M.Czyzewski and A.Rokuszewska-Pawelek, which to some extent constituted the pattern of construction of the plot, the analysis of Alice Salomon autobiography allows to notice the situation when the collective trajectory does not absorb individuals but makes them build their own identity by means of biographical projects despite experiencing suffering associated with the collective trajectory. By the comparison of R.Hoess and A.Salomon autobiographies an attempt was made to emphasize the complexity of the German nation's fate of the Nazi period.
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Building on the stimuli from ontological genre theory and thematology, the study reconstructs the autobiographical line of Martin Kukučín´s work and, in a wider sense, defines the writer´s semiotic gesture present in the whole of his work. The line in question is represented by the marginalized writings, shorter in size and vaguely recognized (sketches, short stories, columns), which were not exposed to interpretation so much. Besides the „children´s“ proses, they include „retrospective“ proses, the sketch Na obecnom salaši (At the Village Sheep Farm, 1887), the novella Vianočné oblátky (Christmas Wafers, 1890), the short story Tichá voda (Quiet Water, 1892), which thematize the motifs of becoming „estranged“ (O. Čepan) or realizing the „bitterness of half-blooded status“ of a man who is a peasant by origin and an intellectual by education. The last group within the autobiographical line comprises the Prague-related proses, which present Kukučín as a confident city author, whose relationship with the environment is very specific. The central motifs of the writings – melancholy and nostalgia – show the situation of the modern era subject, typical of which is an unanchored individual, the loss of support, the disappearing world of the traditional, archaic values, and the response to the intrusion of the modern era into people´s lives. There are various passages and layers of his work where he discloses the defining moment of the essential certainties of human life (family, background, tradition) being undermined, but it is not a catastrophe moment, rather an argument, which also stems from the natural course of events, an argument of life. In conclusion, the analysed texts cast light on the distinctive attitude in Kukučín´s writing style, and definitely prove that he was the kind of author who thematized human existence full of contradictions at the dawn of modern era with confidence. Thematizing lonely feelings, being cut off roots and losing the original world integrity expressed in the motifs of melancholy and nostalgia, which gave rise to his creative activity.
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The article concentrates on the intertextuality of Celan, Rilke and Ryszard Krynicki (a Polish poet of the “New Wave” generation and translator of Celan´s poetry). Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki entitled one of his poetry books Poezja jako miejsce na ziemi (Poetry as a place on Earth). For the authors who she mentions in the article poetry is indeed a place to dwell. The reflections concentrate on biographical signals (chronotopic) encrypted in a poem (geo-poetry), also read out from a connected with (new) biographism – geo-poetic prospect (hermeneutics of the place and situation). To Paul de Man´s question, included in the article Autobiography as Defacemet whether an autobiography can be written in the form of a poem, it is fitting to answer that, indeed, it can. In the article the author associates geo-poetics with biographical orientation.
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