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EN
Microarrays are one of the latest breakthroughs in experimental molecular biology, which allow monitoring of gene expression for tens of thousands of genes in parallel and are already producing huge amounts of valuable data. Microarray RNA expression on a genome-wide range is now a proven technology, although the idea of analysis of expression many genes in one sample is not new. Since the development of clone printing technology and oligonucleotide synthesis allowed to produce high density microarray. In this publication we provide the information about the technology, available detection systems and data analysis software. Comprehensive review of current or fundamental papers using microarray technology application in immunology, rheumatoid arthritis, oncology, cystis fibrosis research, primary pulmonary hypertension, psychiatry, and allergic airways inflammation is also included.
EN
Properties of microbial lipases important in practical applications are briefly described. Applications of lipases in wide branches of industry are presented. Potential fields of lipases applications are also discussed.
3
Content available remote Zapobieganie szkodom w środowisku i ich naprawa
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EN
The issue of prevention and remedying of environmental damage is discussed on the basis of the provisions of the act of 13 April 2007 on preventing damage in the environment and remedying thereof. The authors present the scope of the act, exemptions from its application, preventive measures and remedial actions in case of a damage in the environment, as well as evidence for criminal responsibility for breaching the provisions of the act. They also discuss the incompliance of the act with directive 2004/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage.
EN
The article discusses the issue of internal auditing in an accounting information system. The authors note that financial and accounting oversight – a traditional part of internal auditing – should be supplemented with general and application auditing specific to the computer systems in use. These two types of oversight would extend computerised supervision of the accounting system.
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Content available remote Szlak turystyczny - możliwość wykorzystania
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EN
The aim of the article is present the idea of business based on integrative web portal. Customers may choose their favorites tourist attractions and create their own touristic routes. Advantage of this solutions is small application that you can download on your smartphone or mobile as your road assistant.
EN
The forms of the public administrative activity have an unsubstitutable signification. This phenomenon represents expressive dynamic conception of the public administration. Basic elements of the public administrative activity are: target – task – function – contents – methods of action -forms of the activities. Definition of contents of the public administrative activity is complicated. Also a classification of the forms of the public administrative activities is very difficult. The fact that an administrative act could have (could not have) legal implication is the essential base of this division. The article deals also with particular forms of the public administrative activities: normative administrative legislative acts (generally binding acts), application of the administrative legislative acts (individual administrative acts), administrative legal agreement (contract), other significant legislative acts, socio-organizational acts and material-technical acts and their sub-forms. In connection with this the article is motivated by the inspiring examples from Czech legal system, German legal system and Recommendations of the Council of Europe. It is necessary to pay attention to e-government and the conception of good governance.
EN
The paper focuses on Web 2.0. Its aim, however, is not providing an analysis of the very concept, but rather giving an overview of the possibilities of these technologies application in didactic and scientific work. The authors discuss also the range of the technologies implementation in diverse academic environments.
EN
The paper is devoted to the problem of possibility of application of some systems of tense logic in the natural sciences. In the beginning of the paper there are given conditions imposed on formal systems which can be applied in the real sciences. In the second part of the paper definition of physical time (and relation of preceding) are given. There are also briefly discussed the most important properties of physical time. Third part of the paper presents a syntactic characterization of the systems of tense logic. Finally, the last part of the paper seeks to answer whether the systems of tense logic adequate express, by means of theses, some properties of physical time and relation of temporal aftermath. What follows, whether they (especially their language) can find applications in the natural sciences, mainly in physics.
EN
Cryopreservation offers the possibility for long-term storage of genetic resources with maximal genotypic stability, using a minimum of space and maintenance. At present it is actively used all over the world for storage of plant material: seeds, pollen, spores, dormant buds or apical meristems in genebanks. The development of biotechnology led to the production of a new category of germplasm for cryostorage: in vitro obtain tissues, organs, embryos, special cell lines and genetically modified plant material. The maintenance of in vitro collections remains risky regarding losing accessions due to the contamination, human error or somaclonal variation. The classical slow cooling was the first standard protocol developed for hydrated plant tissues. This method is mainly used for cryopreservation of non-organized tissues, for example: cell suspensions and calli, or apices of cold-tolerant species. For differentiated structures, new cryopreservation techniques such as vitrification and encapsulation/dehydration procedures or droplet method are efficient and reliable. These freezing techniques have been successfully, routinely applied for cryopresevation of various plant material of temperate and tropical climate species. So far, cryopreservation procedures are developed for in vitro tissues and recalcitrant seeds of about 100 and 40 species, respectively.
EN
The article is devoted to the application of chronological logic and metric tense logic to the analysis of the formal correctness of some legal inferences. The first part of the paper contains a characterisation of these logics; the second includes examples of their application; and the third part contains a comparative analysis, that is, it answers the questions: what are the similarities and differences between these logics, and could either of them be seen as a better tool for analysing inferences containing information about the timing of certain states of affairs described by the sentences occurring in these inferences.
EN
The article is focused on the analysis of legal aspects of reporting institutions in the area of construction in the railway infrastructure. Taking into consideration the scale of investment processes carried out by the railway infrastructure manager, it is necessary to implement legal mechanism, that are aimed at increasing the efficiency of the whole processes. Such an instrument, as it seems, is the mechanism of reporting institution. This instrument - thanks to its precise fit to the requirements arising from the business practice - significantly reduces the political risk and costs associated with administrative proceedings.
EN
Xylans as compounds of plant lignocellulosics seem to be a very useful feedstock for an effective utilization in biotechnology. This is due to their abundance and renewability as well as the possibility of producing various chemical by-products, fuels, fodder and food products from this source. On the other hand, an enzymatic removal of xylans from cellulosic pulps and coffee extracts by xylanases is very important for the production of high quality paper and coffee. This review article presents new trends in the investigations on plant xylans and their enzymatic hydrolysis by xylanases of different origin. Special attention has been paid to catalytic properties of different enzymes of xylanolytic complex, to their synergistic interactions, and to the mechanisms of their regulation, as well as molecular structure of the genes encoding particular enzymes. Most promising prospects for the practical applications of xylanases are also discussed.
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