Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Wybrane aspekty kultu Matki Bożej w Prawosławiu

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Charkiewicz J.

ELPIS

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2014

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tom 16

23-31

PL

Matka Boża jest szczytem ludzkiej świętości. Stoi ona na czele wszystkich świętych, którym Kościół prawosławny oddaje cześć. W artykule omawianych jest kilka aspektów kultu Bogurodzicy: narodziny jej kultu, tytuły używane w prawosławiu wobec Matki Bożej, jej natura oraz różne sfery kultu. Kult Bogurodzicy, istniejący od początku istnienia Kościoła, zakorzeniony jest w Piśmie Świętym oraz Tradycji, a bazuje na jej relacjach z Synem, Bogoczłowiekiem Jezusem Chrystusem. Chociaż Bogurodzica jest najdoskonalszym człowiekiem i swą świętością przewyższa cały świat anielski, to cześć jej oddawana zdecydowanie różni się od chwały należnej wyłączenie Trójjedynemu Bogu. Kult Bogurodzicy nie służy umniejszaniu chwały oddawanej Chrystusowi, będącego źródłem wszelkiej świętości, w tym Swojej Matki, lecz potęgowaniu tej chwały. Dlatego też w Kościele prawosławnym Matka Boża jest zawsze wychwalana i przedstawiana z Chrystusem i pośród innych świętych, jako wyraz wspólnoty celebrującej i modlitewnej, a oddawanie czci Bogurodzicy związane jest ze stawianiem jej za najwyższy z możliwych wzór do naśladowania dla ludzi wierzących.

EN

The Mother of God is the best example of human holiness. She stands at the head of all the saints venerated by the Orthodox Church. This article discusses several aspects of the cult of the Mother of God: the birth of her cult, titles of the Mother of God used in the Orthodox Church, her nature and the various ways of veneration. The cult of the Mother of God, which has existed since the beginning of the Church, is rooted in Scripture and Tradition. It is based on her relationship with her Son, the God-Man Jesus Christ. Although the Mother of God is the most perfect human and her holiness exceeds the angelic world, this cult is very different from the glory that is given exclusively to the Triune God. The cult of the Mother of God is not isolated from the glory given to Jesus Christ. It is based not only from her personal virtues, but above all on her unique role in the economy of salvation. The cult of the Mother of God does not decrease the glory given to Christ, Who is the source of all holiness, including His Mother, but increases that glory. Therefore, in the Orthodox Church, the Theotokos is always praised and represented with Jesus Christ and among other saints, as an expression of the community of celebration and prayer. The veneration of the Mother of God is also closely associated with presenting her as the highest possible model of life for all believers.

2

Święci w Martyrologionie Syryjskim

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Charkiewicz J.

Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej

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2013

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tom Kalendarz w życiu Cerkwi i wspólnoty

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nr 4

27-36

EN

The end of an open and organized persecution of Christians, which was laid by the Edict of Milan (313), intensified the worship of saints in Christianity. From this time the first calendars that were used during services were established. Initially they were included into the pagan calendars but soon completely diverged from them. From the fourth-fifth century to the present day several liturgical calendar survived. Syrian Martyrologium, is considered to be the only one Eastern calendar that preserved to this day. It was written in 411-412 and was the Syrian translation of the Greek text, that appeared, probably, in Nicomedia in the last quarter of the fourth century. Rise of the liturgical calendar and its further development from the beginning was associated with the saints. So it was with Syrian Martyrologium, which despite the lists of the saints consists only one feast unrelated to them (Epiphany), and two others (Passover and Pentecost) that were only indirectly mentioned in it. The calendar has almost half of the days in the year with saints „memories”, individual and collective. The vast majority of them were martyrs. Among other types of holiness there were also the names of several bishops and four apostle

3

Cuda z dziećmi w Ewangelii

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Charkiewicz J.

Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej

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2020

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tom Dzieci w kulturze duchowej Prawosławia

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nr 11

175-188

EN

Among the many miracles performed by Jesus Christ during His earthly life were those related to children. Despite the problems associated with the precise definition of the term “child” as well as the almost complete lack of information on the age of the healed, it seems that at most five miracles of Christ concerning children can be considered. These are two raisings: the son of the widow of Nain and Jairus’ daughter, and three healings: the son of a king’s servant, the daughter of a Canaanite woman, and a possessed boy. The miracles of raising and healings described in the article are certainly only a part of this kind of occurrences that the Savior performed while on earth, because only they were recorded by the evangelists. They prove that anyone can participate in a miracle, and the necessary condition for a miracle to happen is faith, often combined with prayer and fasting. A kind of exception to this rule was the evangelical miracle of the raising of the son of the widow of Nain, that was done exclusively from Christ’s mercy, thanks to His compassionate human heart. Just as during His life on earth, Christ performed miracles by touch or just by spoken word, or even from a distance, so, thanks to the faith of the petitioner, He can do it at any moment nowadays. It witnesses, still bears witness of God’s infinite omnipotence, for whom nothing is impossible.

4

O wspominaniu świętych podczas proskomidii

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Charkiewicz J.

ELPIS

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2012

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tom 14

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nr 25-26

155-193

EN

There is a very strong presence of the saints in the Orthodox Divine Liturgy, One of two main places of their presence (besides the anaphora) is proskomidia. This part of the Liturgy had been absent in this main Christian service for first centuries. The first signs of appearance of the proskomidia in the Liturgy had a place in VIII–IX centuries, but in XII–XIII centuries only it became a separate part of this service. It was finally formed in XVI-XVII. The article gives a wide vies on the historical development of the proskomidia and the place of the saints in it. It treats also on the development and meaning of the different number of prosphoras used in the Liturgy, as well as the problem of commemoration of the angels and the Holy Cross in proskomidia. The author describes also the character of the commemoration of the saints in proskomidia and the main differences that are present on Greek and Slavonic proskomidias. He also explains the nuances of different types of the sanctity of the saints that are present in proskomidia the Orthodox Church.

5

Miejsce świętych w liturgii Kościoła prawosławnego

100%

Charkiewicz J.

Rocznik Teologiczny

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2012

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tom 54

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nr 1-2

113-152

EN

The saints are constantly present in all service of the Orthodox Church. In the most important service – the Divine Liturgy – they are also mentioned many times in different contexts and with different intention. Remembering saints in Divine Liturgy is multifaceted. When we remember them, we give a honor to the saints, we do it for their memory, we pray for them, but also ask them their prayer before God for us, as well as we thank God for them. All these feeling that the Orthodox Church addresses toward the Heavenly Church, in which the saints play an important role, means that they were, still are and will remain so close connected to the Orthodox spirituality, that without them it is impossible now to imagine the Orthodox church services, and in particular the Divine Liturgy. The most important moment in which the saints are mentioned in the Divine Liturgy is intercessory prayer (intercession) – the final part of the anaphora, as well as the proskomidia. Other important places of the saints presence in this service are also: litanies, antiphons, Small Entrance, troparions, kontakions, Apostolic readings, Gospel readings and dismissals.

PL

Święci są stale obecni we wszystkich nabożeństwach Kościoła prawosławnego. W najważniejszym z nich – św. Liturgii – są również wspominani wielokrotnie, w różnym kontekście i z różną intencją. Wspominanie świętych podczas św. Liturgii posiada bowiem charakter wieloaspektowy. Wspominając świętych, oddajemy im tym samym cześć, czynimy to na ich pamiątkę, modlimy się za nich, ale również prosimy ich o modlitewne wstawiennictwo przed Bogiem oraz dziękujemy za nich Bogu. Całokształt uczuć jakie Kościół prawosławny kieruje ku Kościołowi niebiańskiemu, w której poczesne miejsce zajmują właśnie święci, sprawia, że w byli, są i pozostaną oni zawsze bliscy duchowości prawosławnej, że bez nich nie sposób już sobie wyobrazić prawosławnego nabożeństwa, a w szczególności Liturgii. Najważniejszymi momentami, w których podczas św. Liturgii wspominani są święci to: kończąca anaforę modlitwa wstawiennicza (intercesja) oraz obrzęd wyjmowania cząstek dokonujący się podczas proskomidii. Innymi istotnymi miejscami obecności świętych w tym nabożeństwie są m.in.: litanie, antyfony, Małe Wejście, tropariony, kondakiony, lekcje apostolskie, czytania ewangeliczne, rozesłania.

6

Biblijna nauka o świętości człowieka

100%

Charkiewicz J.

ELPIS

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2013

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tom 15

99-106

EN

The concept of holiness is one of the key theological issues. Semantically the term “holiness” focuses on God, the only absolutely Holy, who lives and works in the Church, and is also the source of the holiness of the Church. Visible reflection of the holiness of the Church on earth are the countless saints – people who are called by God to be holy, and with the proper spiritual life, had grown up in perfection and become able to accept the special sanctification by the Holy Spirit. But God is calling to be holy not only those who have tasted holiness – which formally announced to the world bythe church in an act of canonization – but all Christians. The term “holy” is used by Bible not only in reference to God, but also to the people, places and things, sanctified bycontact with God, exalted by him, dedicated to the service of God. The article deals on the holiness of the human in the Old and New Testaments only. The New Testament repeats call to be holy directed by God to man in the Old Testament (cf. 1 Peter 1:15). But at the same time God calls the human to be perfect (Mathew 5:48). The source of human holiness in the New Testament is Jesus Christ, who received it from God the Father. The New Testament sacrifice of Jesus Christ replaced the Old Testament sacrifice rendered by archpriest. This sacrifice is the source of human sanctification and forgiveness of sins (Hebrews 10:14). Christ sacrifice has opened the way for every man to God, and this path is not limited neither by time nor by space. The New Testament reveals the concept of human holiness much wider and deeper than the Old Testament did. On the pages of Gospels and Epistles of the Apostles there are shown the human patterns that make up the definition of holiness.Then they are repeated and explained in the Church by Holy Fathers mainly. It is thanks to the action of the Holy Trinityevery Christian can be saint. It is thanks to the adoption by the Son of God the human nature, members of the Church are given the possibility to recover the original nature of the man, soiled by sin, to transform it by the grace of God. Following Jesus Christ, participating in His Divinity and by His grace Christians became saints.

7

Kanonizacja nowomęczenników okresu niewoli tureckiej w Kościele prawosławnym i ich znaczenie

100%

Charkiewicz J.

ELPIS

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2015

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tom 17

43-51

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest kwestii kanonizacji tzw. nowomęczenników bałkańskich w Kościele prawosławnym, która nie była dotychczas w języku polskim przedmiotem badań. Dotyczy on zatem świętych, którzy ponieśli śmierć za Chrystusa po zdobyciu Konstantynopola przez Turków w 1453 roku. Zasadnicze rozważania na ten temat poprzedza krótki wstęp dotyczący roli męczenników w Kościele. Artykuł odnosi się również do kwestii nazewnictwa, tj. zdefiniowania terminu „nowomęczennik” oraz jego pojawiania się w chrześcijaństwie. Z imienia znanych jest blisko 300 nowomęczenników okresu niewoli tureckiej na Bałkanach, wśród których są osoby różnych grup społecznych: hierarchowie, władcy, mnisi, żonaci kapłani i osoby świeckie. Jest to zapewne jedynie nieduża część osób, które poniosły w tym okresie śmierć w obronie Prawosławia. Badacze dzielą ich na cztery grupy, które też autor omawia. Ich kult przez długie wieki miał ograniczony charakter ze względu na obawy przed konsekwencjami ze strony władz tureckich. Tylko część spośród nich została kanonizowana po 1821 r., gdy w wyniku powstania niepodległościowego Grecja odzyskała niepodległość. W artykule znajduje się również omówienie kwestii znaczenia nowomęczenników okresu niewoli tureckiej dla Kościoła prawosławnego i wiernych. Znaczenie to podkreślali już im współcześni. Jest ono wielopłaszczyznowe i nawiązuje do roli jaką w Kościele od początków jego istnienia posiadali męczennicy.

EN

Article is devoted to the issue of the canonization of the so-called new-martyrs of the Balkans in the Orthodox Church, the issue that has not been in the Polish language studied yet. It concerns the saints who died for Christ after the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. The considerations on the subject is preceded by a short introduction on the role of the martyrs in the Church. Article also refers to the issue of nomenclature, i.e. the definition of the term “new-martyr”, and its appearance in Christianity. Nearly 300 of the new-martyrs of the period of Ottoman slavery are known by the name. This group includes people of different social groups: the hierarchy, the rulers, the monks, married priests and lay people. It is probably only a small part of people who have suffered the death during this period in defense of Orthodoxy. The researchers divided them into four groups, which, the author presents. Their cult for centuries was limited because of the fear of consequences from the Turkish authorities. Only part of them was canonized after 1821, when as a result of uprising the independence of the Greece was proclaimed. The article also contains a part in which the importance of the new-martyrs of the Ottoman period for the Orthodox Church and its faithful is explained. Their importance was emphasized already by their contemporaries. This importance is multi-faceted and refers to the role of the Church plays from its beginning by the martyrs.

8

Różnorodność i hierarchizacja świętych w Kościele prawosławnym

100%

Charkiewicz J.

Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej

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2014

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tom Synody Cerkwi Prawosławnej w I Rzeczypospolitej

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nr 5

241-254

EN

The cult of the saints forms an integral part of the Orthodoxy. The Church Fathers make a distinction though between veneration of the saints and adoration due to God only. The saints form so called “triumphant Church” – the Church of heaven. Through the example of their lives and their intercession before God for us the saints lead us on the path of salvation. Each saint, including the Most Holy Mother of God, received unique charisms, followed Christ in his own way, bore his cross and through martyrdom, askesis or other virtues crucified in himself the old, fallen man in order to restore His image in him, become like Him, participate in God’s eternal glory. We pray the saints, paint their icons, asking for their intercession as well as for their help in all sorts of problems. The terms like “local saint” or “universal saint” just underline the character of their liturgical celebration, though the saints themselves can be venerated all over the world. In the relatively complicated system of classification of the feasts in the Orthodox Church we find also the liturgical commemoration of the saints. There we have, apart from the great feasts with three of them dedicated to saint John the Baptist and the saint apostles Peter and Paul, five other categories of the feasts with decreasing solemnity in each group.

9

Współczesny stan badań nad prawosławną hagiologią

100%

Charkiewicz J.

ELPIS

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2013

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tom 15

129-137

EN

Hagiology is relatively young branch of theology. It deals with issues related to the study of holiness from theological perspective. The modern state of research on Orthodox hagiology in Poland is not advanced. The study on holiness in our country essentially boils down to the issues connected to the lives of saints. Therefore it is usually limited to the hagiography and is conducted more from literately than theological perspective. A bit more advanced study in the field of Orthodox hagiology than in Poland can be observed abroad. The researches in this area deal mainly by a few Russians, Greeks and Serbs. Some hope for the development of Orthodox hagiology can be associated with organized more frequently, mainly in Russia, in the beginning of this century, scientific conference on this subject. Favorable, although slow, changes can be seen also in the curricula of some universities of theology, where the subject named “hagiology” appeared recently.

10

Życie i męczeństwo świętego Gabriela młodzieńca

100%

Charkiewicz J.

Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej

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2020

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tom Dzieci w kulturze duchowej Prawosławia

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nr 11

265-274

11

Święci w kalendarzowej praktyce liturgicznej Kościola prawosławnego

100%

Charkiewicz J.

ELPIS

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2011

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tom 13

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nr 23-24

205-226

EN

The process of forming a church calendars in the context of placing the names of saints was an important part of the veneration of saints in the Orthodox Church. The establishment of the day or days of prayer to them was a long and complicated process. Despite of the general foreword, the article deals with initial part of that process, beginning from the edict of Milan of 313 up to 10th century. Author talks about the evaluation of the veneration of different types of the sanctity (holiness): martyrs, apostles, saint hierarchs of the Church, venerable (monastic), right-believing, unmercenary physicians, fool-for-Christ in calendar context. The placing of their names into so called diptychs initially was local. The lists of martyrs from diptychs (kind of ancients calendars) were presented during the service in the temples. Later, step by step, knowledge of these saints became wider and finally names of the saints found their place in calendar of whole Church. The article presents the best know ancient Church calendars, beginning from the lists of martyrs in the order of their death, i.e. Roman 'Depositio martyrum' of the year of 354. Than it gives short outline of 'Chronograph' written by Furius Dionisius Filokalus, and wider review of 'Syrian Martyrologium' of 362, which is sometimes called 'the first all-Church calendar' and 'Martyrologium Hieronimianum', that was written in the middle of 5th century - a half of 6th century. The last calendar presented in the article is 'Typicon of the Great Constantinople Church' written in 9th-10th century. Every next calendar had more and more names of saints in them. The author pay some attention to the differences between Western and Easter calendar of those times in the process of their development.

12

Starotestamentowi prorocy jako typ świętości w Kościele prawosławnym

100%

Charkiewicz J.

Rocznik Teologiczny

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2015

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tom 57

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nr 2

155-168

PL

Zgodnie z nauka Kościoła prawosławnego prorocy stanowią osobny typ starotestamentowych świętych, czczonych jako osoby natchnione Świętym Duchem, które głosiły ludowi wolę Bożą. To nie tyle osoby zapowiadające czy przepowiadające przyszłość, co ludzie będący „ustami” Boga na ziemi. W prawosławiu prorocy, obok praojców, traktowani są zasadniczo jako osobna kategoria świętych Starego Testamentu. Przedmiotem rozważań autora artykułu jest przedstawienie proroków jako osobnej kategorii świętości w Kościele ze szczególnym zaakcentowaniem ich wewnętrznej systematyki. Autor przedstawia również definicje terminów: „prorok” oraz innych używanych wobec proroków terminów. Omawia rozwój profetyzmu starotestamentowego w różnych okresach historycznych, poczynając od Mojżesza, zwanego „pierwszym z proroków”, poprzez proroków poszczególnych epok dziejów narodu wybranego, na ostatnim proroku Starego Testamentu i pierwszym Nowego Testamentu – św. Janie Chrzcicielu – kończąc.

EN

According to the teaching of the Orthodox Church prophets are the separate type of the Old Testament saints, venerated as persons inspired by the Holy Spirit, men announcing the will of God to the people. There were not so much persons foretelling the future as rather men fulfilling role of “the mouth of God” on the earth. In Orthodoxy, prophets as well as forefathers, are basically considered as a separate category of the Old Testament saints. In this article the author presents prophets as a separate category of sanctity in the Church, particularly accentuating their interior systematic. The author defines the term “prophet” as well as other words or expressions used when talking about prophets. He discusses the development of Old Testament prophetism in various historical periods, beginning with Moses – called “the first among prophets”, throughout the prophets of consecutive epochs in the history of the Chosen People, ending with the last of the Old Testament prophets being at the same time the firs of the New Testament – saint John the Baptist.

13

Powrót Unitów Diecezji litewskiej i białoruskiej do prawosławia na Soborze Połockim 1839 roku

100%

Charkiewicz J.

Rocznik Teologiczny

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2013

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tom 55

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nr 1-2

119-137

EN

As a result of the partitions of Poland about 60% of the faithful of the Uniate Church, which was set up at the Council of Brest in 1596, became inhabitants of the Russian Empire. Since then, the situation of Uniates in that country was largely determined by the attitude of the successive rulers of Russia to this Church. Empire's approach to the Uniate Church changed completely with the enthronement of Tsar Nicholas I (1825-1855). His main helper, a person who played a key role in the return of many Uniates to Orthodoxy, was archbishop Joseph Siemaszko (1798-1868), son of the Uniate priest and initially also Uniate priest. In February 1839, at the day of feast of Triumph of Orthodoxy, in Polotsk (Belorussia) a meeting of the Council of Bishops of the Uniate Church took place. At this meeting, held under the chairmanship of archbishop Siemaszko, the return of the Uniates, that lived on the Western territories of the Russian Empire, to the Orthodox Church was announced. Participants of the meeting also asked Tsar Nicholas I to connect Uniates to Orthodoxy faster. As a result, more than one and a half million Uniates from both Belorussian and Lithuanian Dioceses had been faithful of the Russian Orthodox Church. Orthodox Church memebers became also three bishops, over 1.500 priests, over 200 monks as well as 1.227 parishes. Within the borders of the Russian Empire Uniate Church officially stopped existing, although in practice the process of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy in the Belorussian and Lithuanian lands lasted until 1915.

PL

W wyniku rozbiorów Rzeczypospolitej około 60% wiernych Kościoła unickiego, powołanego do życia na soborze brzeskim 1596 roku, znalazła się w granicach Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego. Od tej pory sytuacja unitów w tym państwie w znacznej mierze uwarunkowana była stosunkiem kolejnych władców Rosji do tego Kościoła. Podejście Cesarstwa do Kościoła unickiego zmieniło się całkowicie wraz z wstąpieniem na tron cara Mikołaja I (1825-1855). Sprzymierzeńcem cara i osobą, która odegrała kluczową rolę w powrocie wielu unitów do prawosławia odegrał arcybiskup Józef Siemaszko (1798-1868), syn unickiego duchownego i początkowo unicki duchowny. W lutym 1839 r. w dniu prawosławnego święta Triumfu Ortodoksji w Połocku na Białorusi miało miejsce posiedzenie Soboru Biskupów Kościoła unickiego. Podczas tego spotkania, odbywającego się pod przewodnictwem arcybiskupa Siemaszko został ogłoszony powrót unitów zamieszkujących zachodnie rubieże Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego na łono Kościoła prawosławnego. Uczestnicy spotkania zwrócili się też z prośbą do cara Mikołaja I o szybsze przyłączenie unitów do prawosławia. W rezultacie tego, ponad półtora miliona unitów z diecezji białoruskiej i litewskiej zostało wiernymi Rosyjskiego Kościoła Prawosławnego. Na prawosławie przeszło też 3 biskupów, ponad 1500 duchownych, ponad 200 zakonników, i 1227 parafii. W granicach Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego unia oficjalnie przestała istnieć, chociaż w praktyce proces przechodzenia unitów na prawosławie na ziemiach białoruskich i litewskich trwał aż do 1915 roku.

14

Święci władcy jako kategoria świętości w prawosławiu

100%

Charkiewicz J.

ELPIS

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2015

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tom 17

25-29

PL

W szerokiej gamie prawosławnej świętości ludzkiej znajduje się m.in. kategoria świętych władców. Chociaż reprezentowana jest ona przez stosunkowo znaczną liczbę świętych, to niezasłużenie pozostaje w cieniu innych – tych bardziej znanych czy posiadających głębsze korzenie historyczne. Dodatkowo sytuacja taka może być również związana z tym, że święci władcy, jako oddzielna kategoria świętych, nie są osobno wspominani ani podczas proskomidii, ani w czasie modlitwy wstawienniczej anafory. Mimo to święci władcy z pewnością powinni być traktowani jako osobny typ świętości, zasługujący na nieco szersze omówienie. To też cel stawia przed sobą niniejszy artykuł. Jest on ponadto próbą zaproponowania wewnętrznej systematyki tej kategorii świętości. Przedstawiając występujące w nauce klasyfikacje prawowiernych, autor przedstawia również swoją propozycję. W ramach kategorii świętych władców wyodrębniane są następujące cztery grupy: (1) władcy nie będący ani męczennikiem, ani stanu monastycznego, ani cierpiętnikiem, (2) władcy, którzy zakończyli swoje życie śmiercią męczeńską, (3) władcy, którzy nie na łożu śmierci, lecz wcześniej złożyli śluby monastyczne i wiedli żywot mnisi, oraz (4) władcy-cierpiętnicy.

EN

In the wide spectre of Orthodox human sanctity, among others, there is also a category of saint rulers. Despite the fact that it’s represented by a significant number of saints, it remains, utterly undeservedly, in the shadow of the others- more known or more deeply rooted historically. On top of that, the situation may result as well from the fact that saint rulers, as a distinct category of saint, are not separately mentioned neither during the proskomedia, nor during the intercessory prayer of the anaphora. Still, the saint rulers definitely should be considered a separate type of sanctity, deserving a somehow wider presentation. Such is therefore the aim of this article. It is also an attempt of suggesting an interior systematic of this category of sanctity. Preserving, appearing in science, classifications of the saint rulers, the author gives also his own proposition. In the category of saint rulers there are four following groups: (1) rulers who weren’t neither martyrs nor monks or passion-bearers, (2) rulers who died martyrs, (3) rulers who long before their death became monks and led monastic life, (4) rulers-passion-bearers.