Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Removal of Salinity using Interaction Mangrove Plants and Bacteria in Batch Reed Bed System Reactor

100%

Chimayati R. L. , Titah H. S.

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tom Vol. 20, nr 4

84--93

EN

The current method of seawater bio-desalination can effectively provide freshwater. This method works by separating the salt contained in water into clean water with a lower salinity. In this study, the researchers conducted an experiment of the bio-desalination method by combining mangrove plant and Vibrio alginolyticus bacteria as well as the presence of a filter layer component composed of sand and gravel in red beed system reactor. The concept of phytotechnology was to utilize plants as environmental technology capable of solving environmental problems. In contrast, the term phytoremediation was used to denote the process of plants absorb, take, change and release contaminants from one medium to another. The purpose of this study was to determine the reduction of salinity on the mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata (Rm) and Avicennia marina (Am) with the addition of Vibrio alginolyticus (Va) bacteria in the bio-desalination process using a reed bed system. This study combines plants and bacteria for artificial saline desalination processes. The compounds contained in plants are absorbed in the form of cations or anions, while the addition of the bacteria was carried out to support the process of salt absorption in plants. The results of this study indicated a percentage of salinity decreasing up to the last day of experiment. The results showed the percentage of salinity removal at the last day reaching 49.16%, and 40.58% in reed bed reactor with Avecennia marina and Vibrio alginolyticus of 15‰ and 25‰, respectively. Meanwhile, the percentage of salinity using Rhizophora mucronata showed 64.68% and 40.18% in in reed bed reactor with Rhizophora mucronata and Vibrio alginolyticus of 15‰ and 25‰, respectively. The removal of salinity also occured in the control reactor, containing only reed bed system without plant, reaching 57.36% and 58.41% in initial salinity of 15‰ and 25‰. All treatment reactors exhibited high salinity removal. It showed that the all concentrations of salinity were below 4‰ at Day 2 of reactor operation. It suggested that the process of desalination occurred in the entire reactor treatment. In conclusion, the reed bed system reactor can be used to treat saline water but the process of absorption of salts with mangrove plant and addition of Vibrio alginolyticus can be more stable.

2

Chromium Accumulation by Avicennia alba Growing at Ecotourism Mangrove Forest in Surabaya, Indonesia

100%

Titah H. S. , Pratikno d. H.

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2020

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tom Vol. 21, nr 2

222--227

EN

The Ecotourism Mangrove Forest at Wonorejo in East Coast Surabaya area is one of large mangrove forests inside in the metropolitan city in Indonesia. There are many ecological values of the mangrove forest in most tropical countries such as sea fisheries, place of sea and coastal animals, sea and brackish water quality protecting the endangered mangrove coastlines and development of human life. The role of mangrove in increasing the sea and brackish water quality can be shown through many processes such as cycling of nutrients, particulate matter and some pollutants in water and sediment around the mangrove plants. One of the inorganic pollutants that can be removed by mangrove are heavy metals, such as chromium (Cr). The Wonorejo River is one of the rivers that receive the disposal of wastewater in Surabaya East Coast area. Large quantitites of wastewater from industries and households were released to this river. The concentration of Cr at the Wonorejo Estuary reached 0.0325 mg/L and 2.7761 mg/L in sediments. The purpose of this research was to determine the potency of Cr accumulation by Avicennia alba that was grown for ten years at Wonorejo Ecotourism Mangrove Forest. The sampling activities were conducted using a transect quadrat sampling method with a 10x10 m dimension. The sediment and mangrove root samples were extracted before being analysed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the Cr accumulation by roots of A. alba reached 25.4 ± 1.6 to 55.3 ± 1.1. The BCF value in A. alba were 0.32 ± 0.01 to 0.83 ± 0.5 with the concentration Cr in sediment were 60 ± 1.4 to 79.3 ± 1.1. A. alba showed potential as a moderate accumulator for Cr. In conclusion, A. alba can be considered for use in phyto-monitoring and phytoremediation of Cr in coastal areas.

3

The Use of Granular Activated Carbon and Zeolite as an Adsorbent to Reduce the Concentration of Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Suspended Solid in Laundry Wastewater

100%

Nasir F. N. , Titah H. S.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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tom Vol. 25, nr 4

170--183

EN

The growth of the laundry business increases every year along with population growth, however the laundry waste produced is generally thrown straight into the drain and flows into water bodies without prior treatment. The threshold limits for laundry wastewater quality standards for phosphate content, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) are 10 mg/L, 250 mg/L and 100 mg/L respectively based on East Java Governor Regulation No. 72 of 2013. Disposing of laundry waste directly in large quantities into water bodies can have negative effects on the ecosystem in water bodies and water pollution problems. This research aims to determine the efficiency of using GAC and zeolite adsorbents in reducing phosphate, COD and TSS levels in laundry liquid waste. Based on the impact that can pollute water bodies, it is necessary to process laundry liquid waste. One of the processing methods used is the adsorption method, the adsorption process is carried out using granular activated carbon (GAC) and zeolite with a batch system. This research uses liquid wastewater samples from laundry businesses. The variations used in this research are the adsorbent mass, and contact time. The results obtained from this research include Scanning Electron Microscope test results and the percentage reduction in phosphate, COD and TSS levels using GAC and zeolite adsorbents in batch systems. The research results show that the optimum adsorbent mass is 12 grams of adsorbent mixed with GAC and zeolite with a contact time of 150 minutes with a percentage reduction in phosphate levels of 57.14%, a percentage reduction in COD levels of 63.11% and a percentage reduction in TSS levels of 53.11%. The phosphate, COD and TSS values of laundry liquid waste after processing with adsorbent mass, adsorbent composition and optimum contact time are 6.5 mg/L and 383.5 mg/L and 84.5 mg/L.

4

Removal of Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Soils Using Bioremediation by Aerobic Co-composting Methods at Ship Dismantle Locations

100%

Syawlia R. M. , Titah H. S.

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tom Vol. 22, nr 6

181--190

EN

This research focused on hydrocarbon removal from contaminated soil, using co-composting methods on a laboratory scale. The soil samples were taken from ship demolition sites in Tanjung Jati, Bangkalan Regency, Madura Island. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficiency of bioremediation process using the co-composting method for hydrocarbon removal. The co-composting was treated under aerobic conditions, and manual stirring for aeration was performed every 2 days. Moreover, the values of hydrocarbon and total bacterial population levels were measured on day 0, 30, and 60. The results of the study at location 1 showed that for 60 days, the cocomposting of contaminated soil in the control reactor was 33.36%, kitchen waste (34.99%), local cattle rumen waste (59.41%), and soil mixed kitchen and cattle rumen waste (61.01%). Meanwhile, at location 2, they were 28.50%, 64.18%, 42.67%, and 67.03% respectively. The largest total bacterial population was in the nutrient agar media with stratification of up to 10-8.

5

The Removal of Salinity in a Reed Bed System Using Mangroves and Bacteria in a Continuous Flow Series Reactor

100%

Puspaningrum T. C. , Titah H. S.

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tom Vol. 21, nr 6

212--223

EN

The supply of clean water is a major environmental problem in some areas, which is possibly handled through the biodesalination technologies, a concept that involves separating the salt content, and reducing salinity, using bacteria and plants. This research therefore applied Avicennia marina (AM) and Rhizophora mucronata (RM) mangroves, in addition to Vibrio alginolyticus, in 12 reactor reed bed systems arranged in series (AM-RM) to attain a continuous flow. The evaluated salinity level was 20‰ and 25‰, obtained using artificial saline water. Meanwhile, the reed bed system, measuring 0.14 m3 (0.7×0.5×0.4 m), comprises a filter layer component, which consists of sand and gravel, with a diameter of 1 cm and 2 cm. This investigation was performed for 18 days, and samples were collected every 2 days, and the main parameters of salinity, Na, Cl and the potassium ion concentration, electric conductivity and Colony Forming Unit (CFU), as well as the supporting parameters, including pH and temperature, were evaluated. The results showed a water discharge rate of 18 mL/min, and the addition of Vibrio alginolyticus, produced the best salinity level (90%) on day 6 of operation. The outcome of the initial 25‰ sample value, measured as 20.09‰ at the inlet, was reduced to 1.99‰ at the outlet, after treating with Rhizophora mucronata. This was within the range for brackish water, and the calculations using the final salinity values showed a Cl-content of 1129.47 mg/L, while the best conductivity value was 3,485 mS/cm. In addition, the highest selective media CFU was Log 5.6, observed in the Avicennia marina 25‰ reactor, to which Vibrio alginolyticus was added. The supporting parameters of temperature and pH measured 30°C and a range of 6–8, respectively. Therefore, the removal of salt from brackish water using the mangrove operation is assumed to continuously produce low salinity levels.

6

Biodegradation of Crude Oil Spill Using Bacillus Subtilis and Pseudomonas Putida in Sequencing Method

80%

Titah H. S. , Pratikno H. , Purwanti I. F. , Wardhani W. K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 22, nr 11

157--167

EN

Crude oil, otherwise called petroleum, occurs naturally as a complex organic mixture underneath the subsurface. The activities related to its exploration, production, refining, storage and distribution are mostly accompanied with extreme pollution and other hazardous conditions. For these reasons, the need to critically devise the best possible solutions becomes paramount, particularly as regards oil spills. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the efficiency of TPH removal in crude oil using Bacillus Subtilis and Pseudomonas Putida. The sequencing method was applied in a laboratory scale and under artificial seawater media conditions. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) serves as a significant parameter in detecting crude oil, although the extraction and analysis were conducted with the use of a separator funnel and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS), respectively. In addition, the simulated seawater media was described as the mineral salt medium (MSM), with 33% salinity. Moreover, five reactors were also employed, including K for control, B for B. subtilis, P for P. putida, BP for B. subtilis and P. putida sequence and PB for P. putida and B. subtilis sequence. The entire treatments obtained the access to two replicate reactors. Furthermore, the bacteria inoculum and crude oil concentration in each unit were estimated at 5% and 10% (v/v), respectively. The results achieved the maximum TPH removal at 66.29% in the PB reactor after 35 days. On the basis of ANOVA reports, no significant variation was observed between the sequential additions of a single bacterial treatment and consortium microbes. In summary, two bacterial species demonstrated high potential to degrade TPH, but predicted an increase in the break down time, as the nutrient or oxygen tends to accelerate the process.

7

Reduction of Microalgae by Copper Ion in Impressed Current Anti Fouling System for Biofouling Prevention in Saline Environment

80%

Pratikno H. , Titah H. S. , Handayanu

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2020

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tom Vol. 21, nr 2

80--87

EN

The biofouling causes corrosion in marine environment, also known as the biological corrosion. The biological corrosion occurs in the metal material on coastal buildings, offshore buildings, port buildings and shipboard. One method to prevent the biological corrosion is ICAF (Impressed Current Anti-Fouling). The study on the microalgae that cause biofouling was conducted in laboratory scale using a simple ICAF system. The variables were the operating time of the simple ICAF system, the strength of the electric current and the species of microalgae. The determination of cell number of microalgae was conducted using a Neubauer improved Hemocytomete method, while determination of the concentration of Cu ion was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The aim of the research was to determine of microalgae, Isochrysis galbana and Botryococcus sp, population reduction using ICAF system. On the basis of the results, the highest population reduction occurred in Isochrysis galbana and Botryococcus sp reaching 77.5% and 50%, respectively. The highest concentration of Cu that was produced during the operation of the simple ICAF system reached 4.08 ± mg/L. In conclusion, ion Cu that was produced during the operation of the simple ICAF system can reduce the cell number of Isochrysis galbana and Botryococcus sp.

8

The Ability of Mangrove Plant on Lead Phytoremediation at Wonorejo Estuary, Surabaya, Indonesia

80%

Luthansa U. M. , Titah H. S. , Pratikno H.

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tom Vol. 22, nr 6

253--268

EN

Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal often discovered to be polluting the water areas. One of the efforts made to overcome the heavy metal pollution in estuaries was phytoremediation technique using mangroves. The Wonorejo River was one of the rivers that received industrial waste loads. There were various types of mangrove plant species at the estuary of the Wonorejo River. The location of this research was divided into 3 monitoring stations (A, B, C). Station A was directly adjacent to the estuary, as location C was farther away and very close to the sea. However, station B was located between location A and B. This study aimed to determine the ability of mangrove in remediating and illustrating the distribution of Pb, at the Wonorejo River estuary. Moreover, it also aimed to determine the values of Bioconcentration (BCF) and Translocation (TF) Factors in the ability of Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, Avicennia lanata, and Rhizophora stylosa to accumulate Pb. The samples were the roots, stems, and leaves of mangroves, with the water and sediment at the Wonorejo estuary, as all solid materials were also extracted. The samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentration, using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the highest average Pb concentration for waters and sediments was obtained at station C and A, with values of 0.069 mg/L and 4.22 mg/kg, respectively. It was further observed that the Pb concentration in the water was lower than in sediment, indicating that the metal was accumulated in the sediments. On the basis of the BCF value, the most effective mangrove involved in the accumulation of Pb was A. alba. The highest values of TF for both root to stems and to leaves in the accumulation of Pb was also discovered in A. lanata and A. alba mangroves, respectively. On the basis of the Pb distribution mapping, the concentration of the metal was shown to increased, as the research location moved further away from the estuary. Conclusively, each type of mangrove had different ability to accumulate and translocate Pb in its body, with the potential of using those plants as phytoremediaton agents for the metal.

9

Preliminary Phytotoxicity Test on Salinity Against Mangrove Plants of Rhizophora mucronata

70%

Titah H. S. , Purwanti I. F. , Pratikno H. , Chimayati R. L. , Handayanu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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tom Vol. 20, nr 3

126--134

EN

The phytotechnology concept that is applied for a bio-desalination reactor become a new desalination technology. The desalination technology can be called as bio-desalination technology to remove ions of Na+ and Cl- in brackish or saline water using mangrove plant. Before the mangrove plants were used in bio-desalination technology, the preliminary phytotoxicity test was conducted. The purpose was to determine the salinity concentration at which the mangrove species of Rhizophora mucronata can survive. The preliminary phytotoxicty test was carried out using a plastic reactor that was designed as a reed bed system. The reactors filled with gravel, sand, and artificial saline water. The variation of the NaCl concentrations were 0 mg/L as control, 10,000; 20,000; 30,000; 40,000, and 50,000 mg/L. The physical observation of the survival condition of Rhizophora mucronata was carried out during the preliminary test for 7 days. The analysis of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on Rhizophora mucronata was conducted at the end of exposure. The results showed that Rhizophora mucronata could not survive at the concentrations of 40,000 and 50,000 mg/L. Rhizophora mucronata changed the color of the leaves to brown and the stems become softer. Multiple cell damage and the decreasing trend of sodium and chloride amounts occured on roots and stems at the salinity concentration of 50,000 mg/L. In conclusion, the high of salinity concentration (> 30,000 mg/L) can be toxic to Rhizophora mucronata.

10

Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Chromium and Salinity on Chlorella vulgaris

70%

Maysitha A. D. , Titah H. S. , Pratikno H. , Wardhani W. K. , Dienullah R. M. A.

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tom Vol. 25, nr 8

130--140

EN

Heavy metal pollution, particularly chromium (VI) contamination, is a significant issue in Indonesian waters due to numerous chromium-producing industries. Research conducted in the downstream waters of Wonorejo found Cr(VI) levels ranging from 0.0025 to 0.018 mg/L, exceeding Indonesia’s quality standard of 0.002 mg/L. Thus, it is crucial to treat industrial wastewater containing Cr(VI) before disposal into water bodies. One alternative for treating Cr(VI) waste is using biological agents like microalgae. Chlorella sp. was chosen for this study due to its abundance in Indonesian waters. The study aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Chlorella vulgaris against Cr(VI) and salinity variations. The research involved propagating the microalgae to analyze growth rates and conducting MIC tests against salinity for 14 days with variations of 0, 20, 30, and 40 ppt. MIC tests against Cr(VI) were then performed using the optimal salinity (20 ppt) with variations of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L. Results showed that C. vulgaris can thrive in salinities up to 40 ppt, with the optimal salinity being 20 ppt. The optimal Cr(VI) concentration for growth was 5 mg/L, resulting in a growth rate of 1.17 cells/mL/day. Based on statistical analysis only concentration of Cr(VI) that affected C. vulgaris cell density and not the salinity.