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Epistemic Role of the Logic of Falsehood

100%

Łukowski P.

Filozofia Nauki

2006

tom 14

nr 3

57-77

The idea of belief revision is strictly connected with the notion of contraction given by the set of postulates formulated by Alchourrón, Gärdenfors and Makinson. In the present paper expansion and contraction are defined by Tarski's consequence relation and Tarski-like elimination relation. The logic of falsehood (i.e. a logic dual in Wójcicki's sense to the given logic of truth) plays a key role for defining the elimination relation. A decision of adding or refusing of some sentences is arbitrary and depends on our wish only. This decision cannot be logical and logic cannot justify it. In our approach logic is a tool for faultless and precise realization of extension or reducing of the set of our beliefs. Step forward extends the set of our beliefs and it is used when some new belief appears. Step backward reduces the set of our beliefs and it is used when we reject from some previously accepted belief. But why some "initial" sentences should be added or refused depends on extralogical reasons. The logic for the back-reasoning uses the class of models adequate for the logic extending the set of our beliefs. However, the class is used in a specific i.e. dual form. That is why the step forward (expansion) and the step backward (contraction) constitute the one whole. Procedure of contraction satisfies the well known AGM postulates. We limit our considerations to first six conditions for contraction. Satisfaction of almost every postulate is a good sign that our approach is reasonable. The only exception we make for the controversial fifth postulate.

Grupa zewnętrzna granfalonu jako przykład skazanego na dyskryminację Innego

100%

Łukowski P.

Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej

2015

nr 11

Granfalloon is a sociopsychological technique of organizating people in a strongly emotionally identified ingroup. A set of various kinds of emblems is the only way successfully defining granfalloon. In means that no idea, no rational motivation nor rational argument is connected with this social phenomenon. That is why granfallooon is strictly related to the minimal group paradigm. The lack of worth results in the seemingly inexplicable power and unusual vitality of the granfallooon. Unfortunately, it makes granfalloon an extremely dangerous phenomenon, especially for members of granfalloon’s outgroup. Those people are defined as enemies of the granfalloon. The Third Rich is an example of the particularly pathological granfalloon with precisely defined outgroup of Another, a society of Jews condemned to extermination. The Ron Jones’s Third Wave Experience has proved that this technique, also in its really dangerous form, can come into being even in an exclusive school of pupils coming from respectable families living in an old democracy. Undoubtedly, educationalists, teachers and class tutors should possess knowledge about granfalloon as well as the Third Wave Experience.