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Kurtyna żelazna czy nylonowa? Sprawozdanie z konferencji „Across the »Nylon Curtain«: Cold War Cooperation and Trans-systemic Exchanges”, Hamburg 29 IX – 1 X 2022 roku

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Pleskot P.

nr 2

611-615

Zachód ratuje generała?! Paradoksy zachodniej dyplomacji w czasie przemian w Polsce (czerwiec–lipiec 1989 roku)

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Pleskot P.

nr 2(16)

193-210

From 1989 onwards, political situation in Poland started changing kaleidoscopically; for this reason, western diplomacy could not fully keep up with reassessing its strategies aimed at this part of Europe. That situation became clearly visible especially during the full of paradoxes period between the overwhelming victory of the “Solidarity” movement in first round of the parity elections on 4 June 1989 and swearing Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski in as the PRL’s President on 19 July 1989. The West, and mostly the USA, were amazed with changing political circumstances in Poland, therefore – in a surprising way – they started indirectly supporting Gen. Jaruzelski in his quest for presidency. Simultaneously, during the entire decade of 1980s, they tended to favour and lobby “Solidarity” movement in order to weaken significant Soviet influence in the Eastern Bloc. General’s election as President was to be treated as a guarantee of adherence to the terms of (the) Round Table Agreement and of preventing Polish political situation from excessive radicalization which could lead to an outbreak of acute crisis in the country and would provoke a negative reaction of conservative circles in Moscow. In view of what could have happened, President George Bush during his official visit to Poland in July, urged General Jaruzelski to stand for presidential elections, whereas U.S. Ambassador John R. Davis explained to the “Solidarity” leaderships how to discreetly support General in the election taking place during the National Assembly session. Moreover, somewhat earlier, French President François Mitterand, during his lecture in Cracow, exhorted the students “not to throw the socialism out of a window”. That astonishing political vote-face of the West (and of part of the “Solidarity” members) was only an episode in a chequered history of Polish political transformation process. Western politicians’ hitherto concerns about current World’s situation decreased within progressive dissolution of the Eastern Block. They gradually started changing – into the proper one – their attitude towards communist regimes and towards political opposition taking over power in the country.

The The red (un)rule of law. The issue of human rights violations in the military justice system of 'People's' Poland. The case of military district courts (1946-1955)

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Pleskot P.

nr 3

96-109

The network of Military District Courts, which encircled 'People's' Poland in the first post-war decade, was a fundamental tool for installing communist power and building a new 'worker-peasant' system for the party and state decision-makers. Courts served primarily to crack down on political opposition and (declining) armed resistance. Despite their theoretically military nature, the WSRs sentenced mainly civilians, and the reasons for sentences lay in political and ideological calculation rather than in real, objective crimes. In this sense, the WSR should be regarded as a clear manifestation and symbol of the lawlessness of the 'people's' justice system, infringing fundamental human rights.