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NORMATIVE POWERS IN MARITIME AFFAIRS: INDIA-EU COOPERATION IN THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION

100%

Łukaszuk T.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

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2020

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nr 1

EN

The aim of the article is to explore how the European Union (EU) and India have developed their activities in maritime affairs, trying to boost their cooperation. The challenge for both the EU and India has been to acknowledge each other’s role sin maritime affairs in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) as a facilitator of good practices in maritime governance as well as an important ally in securing the Strategic Lanes of Communication. The main hypothesis of the article is that both the EU and India are normative powers in maritime affairs and have not yet created synergy in their activities. The growing feeling of disappointment among many countries in Asia and Europe with the Belt and Road Initiative might be used to introduce a joint EU-India program covering the same strategic intercontinental maritime lanes similar to the recent India-Japan initiative of the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor. The convergence of strategic interests of the EU and India can be materialized in the most democratic and beneficial way for both.

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Indian and Australian Maritime Security Doctrines in the Indian Ocean Region in the 21st Century. Christian Bueger’s Matrix of Maritime Security Approach

100%

Łukaszuk T.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2020

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nr 4 (49)

105-127

EN

The article’s purpose is the multidimensional analysis of the evolution of Australia and India’s maritime policies and their impact on the endeavors to develop their maritime cooperation in the 21st century. Two research questions are to be answered in that connection: what changes and why India and Australia introduced to enhance their maritime security doctrines in the 21st century and why those changes contributed to the more in-depth cooperation in the second decade of the 21st century. The hypothesis based on those questions argues that not only the rise of China but also global processes in maritime affairs - such as the growing number of state and non-state actors, as well as the interdependence between the fields of human activities at sea - pushed the littorals like India and Australia to turn their maritime strength from coastal to oceanic and convinced them too to cooperate. That process was accompanied by the convergence of the security perceptions by both countries (India and Australia) and the mutual understanding of common interests in all the elements of modern maritime security. The Christian Bueger’s matrix serves as an explanatory framework to highlight the dynamics and broader context of the changes in India and Australia’s maritime security doctrines in the 21st century. It provides the conceptual framework for explaining closer cooperation between these two countries. The article analyzes India and Australia’s maritime strategies, focusing on four variables from Bueger’s matrix: national security, economic development, marine environment, and human security. In those dependent variables, particular elements of their activities serving as sub-variables are highlighted: in national security - shaping the seapower; in economic development - Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing; in the marine environment - climate change mitigation; in human security - the fight against piracy and human trafficking. The choice of the mentioned elements is justified by their role in Australia and India’s activities within maritime strategies and their influence on other elements of the maritime security matrix. The article starts with a description of Bueger’s matrix in the context of the evolution of the maritime security concept in international relations. The second part outlines the centrality of the Indian Ocean in Indian and Australian modern military and economic security. The third part explores and explains the roots of Indian maritime security thinking, and the fourth investigates the evolution in Australia’s attitude toward maritime affairs. The final part presents the developments in Indo-Australian bilateral cooperation in the 21st century.

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Model to generate phylogenetic missing stages of dinosaurs

63%

Sikorska-Piwowska Z. , Łukaszuk T.

Mathematica Applicanda

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2015

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tom 43

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nr 2

PL

Aim of the paper is to present a mathematical method used to generate the missing stages of the evolution of fossil vertebrates. Considered excavations may be in the form of skeletons or the traces left by autopodium during locomotion of these animals. The research material contains selected dinosaurs, which features of locomotor apparatus were described in terms of chronology and habitat affiliation. They were formalized in the form of a numeric code by Sikorska-Piwowska [Z. Sikorska-Piwowska. Modele biologique de l’´evolution de l’appareil locomoteur des tetrapodes. Zoologica Poloniae, 31(1-4), 1984.]. The present paper has in view taking into account the adaptation and specialization traits of limbs and also the types of autopodium joints and basipodium specializations. The vector of binary features is assigned to each investigated form of Tetrapoda. It was taken the simplified assumption of statistical independence and equipoise of investigated features during the building of the model. There are no reasons for distinguishing any of them. The projection of the spatial image of dinosaurs’ locomotor apparatus development has the expression in the form of mathematical cladogram. This model verifies some evolution stages like origin of pre-birds lined with hypothetic form related with Coelophysis, one of the earliest known dinosaurs from upper Triassic.

EN

Aim of the paper is to present a mathematical method used to generate the missing stages of the evolution of fossil vertebrates. Considered excavations may be in the form of skeletons or the traces left by autopodium during locomotion of these animals. The research material contains selected dinosaurs, which features of locomotor apparatus were described in terms of chronology and habitat affiliation. They were formalized in the form of a numeric code by Sikorska-Piwowska [29]. The present paper has in view taking into account the adaptation and specialization traits of limbs and also the types of autopodium joints and basipodium specializations. The vector of binary features is assigned to each investigated form of Tetrapoda. It was taken the simplified assumption of statistical independence and equipoise of investigated features during the building of the model. There are no reasons for distinguishing any of them. The projection of the spatial image of dinosaurs’ locomotor apparatus development has the expression in the form of mathematical cladogram. This model verifies some evolution stages like origin of pre-birds lined with hypothetic form related with Coelophysis, one of the earliest known dinosaurs from upper Triassic. In such a manner Archeopteryx was left out from considerations as the ancestor of prebirds.