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Conservation in situ is, for many reasons, the most important means of maintaining gene resources of wild plants. Forms of this conservation must be constantly improved and increasingly more diversified, and their effectiveness carefully supervised. The authors discuss the problem of the conservation object and aim, criteria and strategy of choise, scope of plant diversity, which should be encompassed by conservation measures, and against this background they evaluate the role of nature reserves in protection of gene resources.
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Decrease of fungi in Europe has been fundamentally caused by decrease of appropriate habitats. The problems concerning necessity of fungi protection an d some practical difficulties are discussed in the paper. The list of species under the law protection since 1983 is given. At present the red list of threatened macromycetes is in the course of elaboration.
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Content available Ekologiczne problemy rezerwatowej ochrony roślin
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Conservation of the plant cover in reserves is a part of a wide range of problems connected of the biosphere resources against destruction. An important role in this area should be played by botanists and ecologists. The present article provides information about initiatives — mainly international conferences — devoted to protection of plant species against extinction, and it gives a review of floristic and phytosociological studies that might contribute to better description of reserves and determination of recommendations concerning active protection of plants and plant communities.
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This paper presents a list of 262 lichen species, belonging to 29 families and 55 gene"ra, and their distribution within the mesoregion of Radomszczańskie Hills (WR), a part of the Central Little Poland Upland (Kondracki 1977) and within the adjoining fragments of the mesoregions of Piotrków Plain (RP) and Włoszczów Basin (NW). These data, unpublished up to now, collected in the years 1968-1976, throw some light on the question of the geobotanic appurtenance of this region of Central Poland. The lichen flora of this area is characterized by an important contribution of species associated with mountain, upland and lowland centers of occurrence, e. g.i Petractis clausa, Bacidia subincompta, B. intermedia, Thelocarpon epibolum, Coniocybe sulphurea, Chaenotheca hispidula, Calicium vlrlde, C. abietinum, Operographa vermicellifera, Schismatomma abletlnum, Lecidea scabra, L. meiocarpoldes, Acarospora heppii and Lecanora grummosa. A new for science taxon with the rank of form: Parmella fuliginosa for. endoferruglnea Czyż. (Czyżewska 1976) and a new species for the Polish lichen flora, Calicium llgnicolum Nadv., are also noteworthy. Distribution of 139 lichen stands is presented on Map 1. A list of the stands ind their abbreviations are contained on pages 228
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Praca zawiera ewidencję i rozmieszczenie 262 gatunków porostów mezoregionu Wzgórz Radomszczańskich oraz przylegających doń fragmentów mezoregionów Równiny Piotrkowskiej i Niecki włoszczowskiej. Są to nie publikowane dotychczas dane florystyczne, zebrane w latach 1968-1976 z 139 stanowisk. Na uwagę zasługują: nowy dla nauki takson w randze formy: Parmelia fuliginosa for. endoferruginea Czyż., nowy dla flory porostów Polski gatunek Calicium lignicolum Nadv. oraz gatunki związane z górskimi bądź wyżynnymi ośrodkami występowania, rzucające pewne światło na zagadnienie przynależności geobotanicznej tego, dobrze wyodrębnionego fizjograficznie, fragmentu Polski środkowej.
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Observations on the synanthropic flora of Piotrków Trybunalski and Tomaszów Mazowiecki were performed in the years 1975—1979. Moreover, species of synanthropic plants reported earlier in the literature for this area (Kulesza 1918— 1919, Mowszowicz 1960, Sowa 1971, Warcholińska 1974 a. b; are considered. In general, 644 plant species were found on anthropogenic stands of Piotrków Trybunalski and Tomaszów Mazowiecki, from this number 578 species for Piotrków (342 species not reported hitherto) and 622 species for Tomaszów (351 species noted for the first time). Biological spectrum of the species (tab. 1) points to a small predominance of perennial species over annual ones (Piotrków 51.7%, Tomaszów 52.2%). Geographical-historical analysis demonstrated a considerable predominance of apophyles (Piotrków 60.5%>, Tomaszów 62.3% — tab. 2). Among plant species of this group, most abundant were forest and scrub species (Piotrków and Tomaszów 19.3%), meadow (Piotrków 16.9%, Tomaszów 16.3%) and aquatic species (Piotrków 11.4%, To-maszów 10.G%). Among anthropophytes (Piotrków 39.5%, Tomaszów 37.7%) most frequent are archeophytes (Piotrków 18.5%, Tomaszów 17.1%) — tab. 2. Most of anthropophytes occurring on areas of the investigated towns origin from South-Europe-Western-Asiatic regions (Piotrków 30.6%, Tomaszów 31.2%) and South-European regions (Piotrków 27.1%, Tomaszów 27.7%). Less abundant are species originating from America (Piotrków 15.6%, Tomaszów 16.4%) and from other parts of Asia (Piotrków 15.6%, Tomaszów 14.3%) — tab. 3. As far as stand preference is concerned, in both town dominate species occurring on various types of stands (Piotrków 381, Tomaszów 475) — tab. 5. Numerical values of indexes of synathropization (159), modernization (0.51) and lability (72) for Tomaszów Mazowiecki are higher in comparison with those for Piotrków Trybunalski (S = 156, M = 0.48, I = 69) and point to a higher level of technological development of the former town (tab. 4).
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Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań, przeprowadzonych w latach 1975—1979, nad florą synantropijną Piotrkowa Trybunalskiego (P) i Tomaszowa Mazowieckiego (T). Florę synantropijną tych miast cechuje duża różnorodność i bogactwo, co wiąże się z zróżnicowaniem siedlisk. Na terenie obu miast stwierdzono 644 gatunki, w tym 556 (86%) gatunków wspólnych. Flora synantropijna Piotrkowa Trybunalskiego liczy 578 gatunków, a Tomaszowa Mazowieckiego — 613 gatunków. Wśród roślin naczyniowych obu miast przeważają apofity (P — 60,5%, T — 62,3%).
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Content available Flora segetalna Wzniesień Łódzkich
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The segetal flora of the Łódź Upland includes 302 species of vascular plants and 8 species of Bryophyta. A high contribution of apophytes is typical for this flora (174 species). From among the apophytes, meadow and waterside plants (57 and 34 species, respectively) are dominating. This is due, among others, to the effect of seminatural associations on the composition of the segetal flora of this region. The group of anthropophytes includes 128 species, with a dominance of archeophytes (89 species) and a significant share of epecophytes (18 species). For the flora studied, a preponderance of short-lived species (192) and therophytes (174 species) is characteristic.
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W pracy podano wykaz stanowisk 310 gatunków chwastów, zanotowanych w latach 1973-1977 na siedliskach segetalnych Wzniesień Łódzkich. Poza tym przedstawiono ogólną charakterystykę flory segetalnej tego mezoregionu. Na podstawie analizy zebranego i zestawionego materiału stwierdzono zależność składu flory segetalnej omawianego obszai^i od warunków przyrodniczych, poziomu kultury rolnej i nasilenia procesów urbanizacyjnych. Na skutek wzmożonej antropopresji zaznacza się wulgaryzacja i kosmopolityzacja flory segetalnej tej części środkowej Polski.
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In the paper a variety of plant communities found on peatbogs of Bełchatów Industrial Region is presented. The author des cribes 20 plant communities of following classes: Potamogetonetea R. Tx. et Prsg. 1942, phragmitetea R. Tx. et Prsg. 1947, Scheuchze-rio-Caricetea fuscae Nordh. 1926 and Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. 1943.
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Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań nad zbiorowiskami chwastów, przeprowadzonych w roku 1974 na gruntach ornych Rolniczego Zakładu Doświadczalnego w Bratoszewicach. Wyróżnione zbiorowiska chwastów pozostają w związku z naturalnymi warunkami siedliskowymi i gospodarczą działalnością człowieka.
EN
The paper contains results of studies performed in 1974 on arable grounds of Agricultural Experimental Station in Bratoszewice (fig. 1), concerning floristic- -phytosociological and ecological characterization of weed associations developing on this area. On the basis of analysis of 60 phytosociological pictures (from among 166 ones made) 2 associations coupled within rotation of crops were distinguished (Vicietum tetraspermae and Spergulo-Echinochloëtum) each of which was internally differentiated into 3 subassociations (tab. 2—7). Differentiation of segetal associations of this are a depends on natural seat consitions and on the level of agriculture (tab. 8, 9). The state of moisture of field seats is described by humudity levels: a typical one and one with with M. arvensis ssp. austriaca (tab. 2—7).
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Content available Flora synantropijna Sulejowa i Podklasztorza
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Studies of the synanthropic flora of Sulejów and Podklasztorze were carried out in the years 1974-1978. Moreover, plant species cited previously in the literature from all synanthropic species of the above localities were taken into account. In general, 535 plant species were found on anthropogenous seats of Sulejów and Podklasztorze (Sulejów - 493, Podklasztorze - 434), including 170 species not reported hitherto. Quantitative differences between the synanthropic floras of the two localities are conditioned by their size, pattern and developmental dynamics. Biological spectrum points to a slight ascendancy of perennial over short- -lived species (Sulejów - 51%, Podklasztorze - 52% of the former).
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Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań, przeprowadzonych w latach 1974-1978, nad florą synantropijną Sulejowa i Podklasztorza, miejscowości położonych w sąsiedztwie sulejowskiego zbiornika retencyjnego. Florę synantropijną tych miejscowości cechuje duża różnorodność i bogactwo, co wiąże się z zróżnicowaniem siedlisk. Reprezentowana jest ona przez 535 gatunków, w tym 392 (73%) to gatunki wspólne dla Sulejowa i Podklasztorza. Gatunki rodzime - apofity liczą 333 (62,2%), a obce - antropofity 202 (37,8%).
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The paper(lst part of a longer series is based on results of studies performed within the project 09.10., research subject 09.10.03.01.10: "Effeet of the excevation mine and electricity works on forest complexes of the Beichatow Industrial District - documentation floristic-phytosociological studies" supported by the Forestry Research Institute in Warsaw. On the basis of the obtained results, conclusions are made concerning the remodelling of exploited tree stands related to the drying of the territory due to the mine development and to an expected action of industrial emissions. , Detailed bryological studies undertaken on the above basis and employing the unusual ecological sensitivity of Bryophyta should bring valuable data on the intensity of environmental alterations. Moreover, the progressing drying of the territory will result in a rapid disappearance of a considerable part of hydrophilic Bryophyta.
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Przedstawiona praca (I część dłuższego cyklu) oparta jest na wynikach badań prowadzonych w zakresie problemu węzłowego 09.10., w temacie badawczym 09.10.03.01.10 pt. Wpływ kopalni odkrywkowej i elektrowni na kompleksy leśne Bełchatowskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego - dokumentacyjne badania florystyczno-fitosocjologiczne, finansowanym przez Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa w Warszawie. Na podstawie wyników badań formułowane będą wnioski dotyczące przebudowy drzewostanów gospodarczych, zmieniających się pod wpływem osuszania terenów wokół kopalni oraz w związku z działaniem emisji przemysłowych. Podjęte badania briologiczne, oparte na szczególnej wrażliwości ekologicznej mszaków, dostarczą cennych danych wskazujących na intensywność zmian zachodzących w siedliskach.
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In 1972—1979 period the investigations on the distribution of Gentiana ciliata in Przedborz-Malogoszcz Range were carried out. Its occurrence is illustrated in fig. 1. In the course of these observations new places with Gentiana ciliata, unknown till now, were found. All these places occur beyand the northern limit of Gentiana ciliata. In Przedborz-Malogoszcz Range the Gentiana ciliata grows on calcareaces rendzinas and sands the thickness of which does not ex ceed 25 cm, overlying limestones.
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Praca zawiera wyniki badań nad rozmieszczeniem gatunku chronionego Gentiana ciliata w Paśmie Przedborsko-Mołogoskim. Opisane stanowiska goryczki orzęsionej leżą na północ od uznawanej granicy zasięgu tego gatunku.
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The paper contains materials on the genus Juncus elaborated on the basis of »heets collected in Herbarium Universitatis Lodzlensis. The following species are considered: Juncus alpinus VL11., J. ambigvus Gurs., J. articulatus L., J. atratus Krocker, J. bufonius L., J. bulbosus L., J. comprossus Jacq., J. conglomeratus L., J. effusus L., J. filiformis L., J. inflexua L., J. macer Gray, J. squarrosus L. and J. tenegala Ehrh.
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Praca zawiera materiały z rodzaju Juncus opracowane na podstawie arkuszy zielnikowych zgromadzonych w Herbarlum Vnlversitatis Lodziensis. Uwzględniono w niej następujace gatunki: Juncus alpinus V111. 10 stanowisk, J. ambiguus Gurs. - 1, J. articulatus L. - 129, J. stratus Krocker - 2, J. bufonius L. - 114, J. bulbosus L. - 15, J. compressus Jacq. - 43, J. conglomeratus L. - 19, J. effusus L. - 198, J. flliformis L. - 3, J. inflexus L. - 47, J. macer Gray - 30, J. squarrosus L. - 26, J. tenegeia Ehrh. - 1.
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Content available Materiały do flory Puszczy Pilickiej
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The author gives the new localities of 468 plant species gathered during studies of forest communities in river basin of Pilica (in middle part). Special notice shuld be given to localities of species which are very rare in Central Poland. These are: Adenophora liliifolia, Cimicifuga europaea, Galium rotundifolium, Linnaea borealis, Osmunda regalis and Trifolium lupinaster.
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W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono listę gatunków roślin stwierdzonych w trakcie badań zbiorowisk leśnych z udziałem antropogenicznie wprowadzonej sosny nad środkową Pilicą (Kurowski 1977). Szczególne znaczenie posiadają nowe stanowiska Linnaea borealis, Adenophora liliifolia, Trifolium lupinaster, Osmunda regalis i Galium rotundifolium.
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The list of 215 species of macromycetes flora collected by the author In the 1979-1981 years at mixed forest naturere serve (Central Poland) is the metter of interpretation. There are some rare species: Strobilomyces floccopas, Genea hispidula, Hydnotrya tulasnei, Hymenogaster tener and Geastrum rufescens.
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At the area of planned forest reserve "Dąbrowa at Niżankowice" Potentillo albae-Quercetum association was distinguished. Quercus sessllis, existing here in its original locality, predominates in the tree-stand. The occurence of rare species: Senecio fuchsii Gmel., Galium rotundifolium L., and Trifolium rubens L. was stated in the flora of the reserve. Protection provided by the reserve will make possible the maintenance of the last fragment of a deciduous forest in the Załęcze Nature Park area (for summary see page 598-599).
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The object of analysisis vascular floralisted in the work of Fagasiewicz, Czyżewska and Olaczek (1986). It has been compared with two local floras in Cracow-Wieluń Jura: Ojców National Park and the Break of the Warta River near Częstochowa. Frequency of appearance of each taxa was estimatd; the flora was divided into syntaxonomical groups; and there was determined participation of these groups and mutual relations on each of 177 localities - squares with an area of 1 km². This provided a basis for study of plant communities, associations or their fragments, which have not been listed in phytosociological works so far. There was also assessed the indicator of flora synanthropization (S) and modernization (M) degree for the entire area and for particular localities. Moreover, the concept of an index of archaeophytezation (A) and an index of synanthropization (kS) were introduced (for summary see: page 312-313).
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Analysis of topographical maps allowed to determine the main trends of change in plant cover of an area, which has been a nature park since 1978, in four time cross - sections: end of 18th century (Gilly - Matthias map, 1802 - 1803), ca. 1830 (quarter master’s map from 1843), ca. 1930 (Military Geographical Institute maps 1 : 100000 and 1 : 25000), period of 1964 - 1975 (contemporary maps and aerophotos). The extension of wood lands and forestage of the area were estimated (Table I). It has been indicated that prevailing trends already since the early 19th century the acreage of woodlands was expanded at the cost of agricultural lands. The present vegetation consists mainly of anthropogenic communities being in different phases of s'uccesion (for summary see page 223-224).
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In the paper there are presented results of researches on flora and plant communities of the Paprotnia Range. These researches were carried out in the years 1993-1994. The following forest communities were distinguished in the range: Circaeo-Alnetum, Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum - the poor variant and variant with Anemone nemorosa, Tilio-Carpinetum typicum, T.-C. stachyetosum, the pine-oak community in the habitat of Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum, the pine community in the habitat of an oak-hornbeam forest. The paper contains also the map of real vegetation of the Range and the list of 265 species of bryophyta and vascular plants.
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The paper contains a list of 116 species of birds breeding on the Załęcze Nature Park Area, which were observed during one breeding period in 1978 (for summary see page 390).
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