This paper presents the design of a digital CMOS integrated circuit implementing a type-2 fuzzy logic controller. The proposed architecture is suitable for serial processing of fuzzy rules combined with parallel processing of upper and lower membership functions of type-2 fuzzy sets. The parameterized VHDL model allows to synthesize the circuit of the required size for a particular application. Moreover, on-chip programming is performed.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono projekt cyfrowego układu scalonego CMOS realizującego sterownik rozmyty 2-go rzędu. Zaproponowana architektura układu umożliwia połączenie sekwencyjnego przetwarzania kolejnych reguł rozmytych z równoległym przetwarzaniem dla górnej i dolnej funkcji przynależności każdego zbioru rozmytego. Uzyskany sparametryzowany model VHDL umożliwia syntezę układu o rozmiarze wymaganym w konkretnej realizacji.
Following the results presented in [21], we present an efficient approach to the Schur parametrization/modeling of a subclass of second-order time-series which we term p-stationary time-series, yielding a uniform hierarchy of algorithms suitable for efficient implementations and being a good starting point for nonlinear generalizations to higher-order non-Gaussian nearstationary time-series.
Objective: The objective was to perform a systematic literature review to report the state of the art on the topic of transparent orthodontic archwires. Methods: The inclusion criteria: (1) transparent or translucent orthodontic wire, (2) production method presented, (3) physical properties tested. The exclusion criteria: (1) coated esthetic archwires, (2) repetitive publications without language limitations. Databases searched: Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Embase and Ovid (from 1970.01.01 to 2016.02.01). Additional hand search was performed. The manual search was performed in selected orthodontic journals: American Journal of Orthodontic and Orthopedics, Angle Orthodontist, European Journal of Orthodontics (from 1995 to 2016.02.01). Results: Among 342 papers, 22 were selected for systematic review and divided into two groups: those commercially available on the market and those in research and development stage. The drawbacks associated with mechanical properties limit their widespread clinical use. Conclusions: The papers reported different materials presenting different characteristics by various methodology. For this reason it was difficult to objectively compare obtained results. Characterization of translucent archwires properties has shown that further studies are required to confirm the usefulness of this type of wires, also in clinical practice.
W artykule przedstawiono metodę generacji testów wykrywających uszkodzenia układów cyfrowych CMOS spowodowane zwarciami ścieżek. Zadanie to wymaga analizy topografii układu przy znajomości statystyki wielkości defektów powodujących zwarcia. W rezultacie każdemu wektorowi wejściowemu zostaje przypisane prawdopodobieństwo wykrycia przez niego uszkodzenia układu. Zaprezentowano efekty charakteryzacji bibliotek komórek standardowych (kombinacyjnych i sekwencyjnych) AMS CMOS 0,8 i 0,35 μm do testowania napięciowego i prądowego (/DDQ). Wyniki charakteryzacji pojedynczych komórek mogą być następnie wykorzystane przez hierarchiczne algorytmy do generacji testów dla układu zsyntezowanego z użyciem tych komórek.
EN
The paper presents a method of generating test patterns detecting bridging faults in CMOS digital circuits caused by spot defects. The method makes use of the circuit's physical layout as well as spot-defect size distribution. As a result, each input pattern is assigned a probability of detecting a fault. Results of characterization of two standard-cell libraries AMS CMOS 0.8 and 0.35 μm are presented. All the cells, combinational and sequential, have been characterized both for voltage-based and for /DDQ testing. The results may subsequently be used by hierarchical algorithms for test generation of complex circuits synthesized with those cells.
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The phenomenon of corrosion of orthodontic appliances is of interest to both clinicians and researchers dealing with the issue of biocompatibility of medical materials. The oral cavity, due to its temperature fluctuations, changing pH, high humidity, action of mechanical forces and the presence of microorganisms is a favorable environment for degradation of dental materials. This article presents the comparative assessment of the intensity of corrosion of orthodontic archwires made of alloy steel, nickel–titanium and titanium–molybdenum alloys in laboratory conditions. Corrosion resistance examinations were carried out by means of the impedance and the potentiodynamic methods using an Autolab PGSTAT100 potentiostat/galwanostat (Eco Chemie B.V., Holand) with FRA2 module, in non-deaerated artificial saliva solution at 37 °C. An analysis of the impendence method's data showing that the highest corrosion resistance is observed for NiTi arches (3M, USA), while the lowest resistance for SS arches (3M, USA). These observations were confirmed by the data obtained from potentiodynamic tests; it was observed that the average corrosion current density [Icor] was the lowest for nickel–titanium archwires (3M, USA) and averaged 2.50 × 10−3 μA/cm2. The highest Icor corrosion current was observed in the case of steel wires from the same manufacturer and averaged 4.96 × 10−2 μA/cm2.
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A family of efficient fuzzy logic-based control algorithms for rate-adaptive cardiac pacemakers has been developed. They use one or two input signals. The algorithm with one input signal consists of a set of fuzzy rules. For two input signals single signal responses are combined using constant weights. This algorithm offers good adaptation of the pacing rate to the physiological needs of the patient and easy personalization. However, its usefulness depends on the details of practical implementation such as the necessary hardware resources, programmability, accuracy and power consumption. Several hardware implementations were studied, including software emulaton on general purpose low power microprocessors as well as dedicated digital and mixed-mode ASICs, confirming feasibility of practical implementation of the models.
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