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Heavy metal concentrations and risk assessment of sediments and surface water of the Gan River, China

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Hua Z. , Yinghui J. , Tao Y. , Min W. , Guangxun S. , Mingjun D.

2016

tom 25

nr 4

To investigate the contamination levels of heavy metals, surface water and sediment samples were collected from 21 sites along the Gan River. The heavy metal concentrations (V, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were determined using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results demonstrated that the status of the surface water and sediments as a whole were relatively clean with regard to heavy metals (except for Cd) compared to water quality standards and sediment quality guidelines. The two heavy metal sources of the surface water and sediments were identified separately using factor analysis (FA). High levels of metals were found in the sediment in the upstream and downstream due to frequent mining and industrial activities, whereas concentrations of heavy metal in the surface water from two sources were abundant in the upstream and midstream – likely related to mining activities and sediment suspension. As indicated by enrichment factor (EF) and potential ecological risk index (PERI), Zn, Pb, and Cd were the most anthropogenically enriched metals, while sediments in the upstream and downstream had high potential ecological risk. Local people, including adults and children who ingested water from the Gan River, showed little potential non-carcinogenic risk, as the hazard index (HI) scores were less than 1. Compared with those in other rivers in the world, heavy metal enrichments in surface water and sediments were of moderate levels.

The extrasynaptic AMPA receptors functioning is altered under inflammatory pain

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Kopach O. , Park J. , Petralia R. , Sotnik A. , Belan P. , Tao Y. , Voitenko N.

nr 3

We have recently shown that synaptic Ca2+-impearmable AMPA receptors (AMPARs) internalization in dorsal horn neurons underlies the maintenance of nociceptive hypersensitivity in infl ammatory pain. Here we have analyzed if traffi cking of extrasynaptic AMPARs is also changed during development and maintenance of persistent pain. We report that Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced infl ammation causes an increase in functional expression of extrasynaptic AMPARs in rat substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons during the maintenance rather than development of persistent pain. This increase, revealed as a signifi cant enhancement of AMPA-induced membrane currents and [Ca2+]i transients, was observed only in neurons characterized by an intrinsic tonic fi ring properties whereas no changes were observed in neurons exhibiting a strong adaptation. The increase was also accompanied by an enhancement of surface GluR1 expression and of the total amount of cobalt-positive neurons indicating an increase in a pool of GluR2-lacking AMPARs in extrasynaptic plasma membrane. These results suggest that functional changes in extrasynaptic AMPARs of tonic SG neurons that are associated with the maintenance of nociceptive hypersensitivity may also contribute to infl ammatory pain. We also suppose that there is a different contribution of tonic and transient neurons to the detection of peripheral painful stimuli and to maintenance of nociceptive hypersensitivity.