Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Łaciński Bliski Wschód w drugiej połowie XIII wieku w Kronice tak zwanego Templariusza z Tyru

100%

Pawlak M.

|

tom 135

PL

The Latin Middle East in the Second Half of XIIIth century according to the Chronicle of So-called Templar of TyreThe aim of this short study is to present the problem, which has not yet appeared in the polish historical literature. The article treats of two main issues. First of them is concerned with the identity of the chronicle’s author, whereas the other one pays attention to the events emerged from his narrative. The Old French Chronique du Templier de Tyr constitutes the third part of the larger composition Les Gestes des Chiprois and describes the last decades of the Frankish rule in the Levant. The edition took place in 2000 and was prepared by Laura Minervini. In the chronicle one can notice the change of perspective. It is so, because the author did not belong to crucesignati, who every year were arriving to the Holy Land. He was born in the Latin East. As a member of the Frankish society he conducted his account, filled with intensive and personal memories, untill the culmination, which was the fall of Acre in 1291. The chronicler participated in that dramatic event. Although the story lasted till 1314 (the ultimate chronologically shown episode is the one related with the trial of the Templars and the death of the Grand Master Jacques de Molay), he continued the narrative, as it can be supposed, more from the sense of duty than from the inclination towards it. Moreover, his testimony is the only latin source that demonstrates the siege of the city by the Mameluks and its fall, as they were seen by the eye-witness. The reconstruction of the chronicler’s life and the solution of the problem, whether he was or not a member of the Templar military order finds difficulties, due to the lack of information. The only notes, that we have at our disposal, are the ones of the autobiographical character directly from the text. Presumably he was born in Tyre circa 1253, where he seems to have spent his youth. In 1269 he became one of four servants of Margaret of Antioch, the wife of John of Montfort, the lord of Tyre. He needed to be closely connected to both of them, because he was able to detect the changes in their physical appearance. After the death of John of Montfort in 1283 he left Tyre and moved to Acre, where he received work at the Templar secretariat. All that time he stayed in entourage of the Grand Master William of Beaujeu. He played an important role in the hierarchy of order. He was obliged to draw and copy documents. He even once translated from Arabic the letter of the Egyptian sultan. When Acre was captured by the Mamluks, as well the other inhabitants of the city, he fled to Cyprus. It is not possibile to determine with the accuracy, if the chronicler really joined the order or maybe remained a secular person, who was only temporary affiliated to the Templars. We are not able to propose any conclusion, because there is a deficiency of final evidence in favour or against of two mentioned options. The author described in detail the last years of the Latin States in the Middle East. He distinguished four fields of interest and focused on: the problem of succession in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the antagonism between princes of Antioch (and at the same time counts of Tripoli) and Embriaco family, conflicts between Templars and Hospitallers and the Levantine rivalry between Genua and Venice. It is worth mentioning that the whole geographical horizon of the chronicle is really impressive. It spreads from the Western Europe to the Far East and from Constantinople to Gibraltar. In the middle of this world occurs Mediterranean with Syrian and Palestinian coast.

2

Nowe media a ultrasonografia w stanach nagłych

100%

Pawlak M.

Journal of Ultrasonography

|

2014

|

tom 14

|

nr 59

402-405

EN

The paper discusses the issue of spreading medical knowledge, connected particularly with ultrasonography, by the social media. Such a way of sharing knowledge and experience results from the needs of recipients – physicians who daily have limited free time. The paper presents the phenomenon of the free open access medical education (FOAM) along with its genesis, an open and global nature as well as the main communication channels. It is emphasized that education via the social media is becoming an element of the mainstream medical didactics. The aforementioned phenomenon is depicted in greater detail in the context of emergency ultrasonography. US imaging is one of the more popular issues in the FOAM community. The paper focuses on the Ultrasound Podcast and the initiative associated with it. Our native (Polish) project, CriticalUSG, is also presented together with its numerous editions. Apart from these two projects, other initiatives, which are equally important not only due to ultrasonography, are also briefly mentioned. The aim of the paper is to interest the reader with the FOAM phenomenon as an open access, free and global medical discussion.

PL

W artykule poruszono temat szerzenia wiedzy medycznej, a szczególnie ultrasonografii, przez media społecznościowe. Taki sposób dzielenia się wiedzą i doświadczeniem wynika z potrzeb odbiorców – lekarzy, na co dzień dysponujących ograniczonym czasem wolnym. Przedstawiono zjawisko free open access medical education (FOAM), jego genezę, otwarty i globalny charakter oraz główne kanały komunikacji. Zaznaczono, że nauka przez media społecznościowe staje się elementem głównonurtowej dydaktyki medycznej. Zarysowano bardziej szczegółowo wspomniane zjawisko w kontekście nauki ultrasonografii stanów nagłych. Obrazowanie USG jest jednym z popularniejszych tematów poruszanych w środowisku FOAM. W artykule zaprezentowano bardziej szczegółowo audycję Ultrasound Podcast i skupione wokół niej inicjatywy. Przedstawiony został również rodzimy projekt CriticalUSG z jego licznymi odsłonami. Poza tymi dwoma projektami wymieniono krótko inne, równie ważne, nie tylko ze względu na ultrasonografię. Celem artykułu jest zainteresowanie czytelnika zjawiskiem FOAM – wolną, darmową i globalną dyskusją medyczną.

3

Titus Flavius Clemens’ Stance on Wine as Expressed in Paedagogus

51%

Dybała J. , Jagusiak K. , Pawlak M.

|

tom 9

187-205

EN

Titus Flavius Clemens was a philosopher and Christian theologian from the period of the 2nd–3th century. The aim of this paper is to present his view on the subject of wine and his recommendations on wine consumption as described in his work entitled Paedagogus. In this work Titus Flavius Clemens focuses primarily on the moral side of drinking wine. He is a great supporter of the ancient principle of moderation, or the golden mean (μεσότης). We also find its traces in his recommendations regarding the drinking of wine. First of all, he does not require Christians to be abstinent. Although he considers water as the best natural beverage to satisfy thirst, he does not make them reject God’s wine. The only condition he sets, however, is to maintain moderation in drinking it. He recommends diluting wine with water, as the peaceful Greeks always did, unlike the war-loving barbarians who were more prone to drunkenness. On the other hand, Titus Flavius Clemens warns the reader against excessive dilution of wine, so that it does not turn out to be pure water. He severely criticizes drunkenness, picturesquely presenting the behavior of drunks, both men and women. Wine in moderation has, in his opinion, its advantages – social, familial and individual. It makes a person better disposed to himself or herself, kinder to friends and more gentle to family members. Wine, when consumed in moderation, may also have medicinal properties. Clemens is well aware of this fact and in his work he cites several medical opinions on the subject. Unfortunately, in Paedagogus we find little information about wine as a food product / as an everyday bevarage. The input on the subject is limited to the list of exclusive, imported wines. What is worth noting, Titus Flavius Clemens appears to be a sommelier in this way.