Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ant-aphid interaction and territorial dynamics of wood ants

100%

Vepsalainen K. , Savolainen R.

Memorabilia Zoologica

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1994

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tom 48

251-259

2

Plezjobioza Formica fusca L. z rudymi mrowkami lesnymi [Hymenoptera, Formicidae]

100%

Czechowski W. , Vepsalainen K.

Przegląd Zoologiczny

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1999

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tom 43

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nr 3-4

215-218

3

Competition hierarchies in ant communities (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

100%

Pisarski B. , Vepsalainen K.

Annales Zoologici

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1988-1989

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tom 42

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nr 13-17

EN

A concept of competition hierarchy among ant species is presented. The hierarchy consists of three main levels, and the species are arranged in the hierarchy on the basis of social organization (mainly forager densities and recruitment efficiencies) of colonies. The concept allows testable predictions on probable and improbable species pairs in local ant species assemblages. Structure of competition hierarchy and positions of a number of North European species in it is reviewed. A schematisized map on minimal distances among nests of species belonging to various levels of the hierarchy is presented. A case study on relations among highest-level, territorial species, is described.

PL

Większość gatunków mrówek to pantofagi, a wiele — eurytopy, w związku z czym nisze ekologiczne wielu gatunków mrówek zachodzą na siebie w mniejszym lub większym stopniu. Prowadzi to do ostrej konkurencji międzygatunkowej, często typu „contest". Możliwość zajęcia niszy ekologicznej przez społeczeństwo mrówek zależy od jego pozycji w hierarchii konkurencji. Najbogatsze nisze ekologiczne zajmowane są przez gatunki (społeczeństwa) zajmujące najwyższą pozycję w hierarchii. Gatunki zajmujące niższe pozycje w hierarchii są wypierane do uboższych nisz, lub też eksploatacja przez nie niszy jest ograniczana przez gatunki (społeczeństwa) zajmujące wyższą pozycję w hierarchii. Miejsce, jakie gatunek (społeczeństwo) zajmuje w hierarchii konkurencji, zależy od liczebności osiąganej przez jego społeczeństwa oraz od stopnia rozwoju ich organizacji. Na podstawie dotychczasowych danych możemy wyróżnić 3 podstawowe poziomy hierarchii. Najniższy (grupa I) tworzą gatunki broniące jedynie gniazda. Poziom środkowy (grupa II) — gatunki broniące gniazda i źródeł pokarmu. Poziom najwyższy (grupa III) — gatunki broniące gniazda wraz z całym polem troficznym. Minimalna odległość między mrowiskami poszczególnych gatunków zależy od ich pozycji w hierarchii konkurencji i jest największa pomiędzy mrowiskami grupy III. Ponadto odległość między mrowiskami gatunków należących do tej samej grupy jest zwykle większa niż pomiędzy mrowiskami gatunków z różnych grup.

RU

Большинство видов муравьев являются пантофагами, а многие эвритопами. В связи с этим экологические ниши многих видов муравьев находят друг на друга в большей или меньшей степени. Это ведет к острой межвидовой борьбе, часто типа „contest". Возможность занятия обществом муравьев экологической ниши зависит от его позиции в иерархии конкуренции. Наиболее богатые экологические ниши занимают виды (общества) находящиеся на наиболее высокой позиции в иерархии. Виды, занимающие в иерархии более низкое положение, вытесняются в более бедные ниши или же использование ими ниши ограничивается видами (обществами) занимающими более высокое положение в иерархии. Место, которое занимает вид (общество) в иерархии конкуренции, зависит от его численности, а также от степени развития организации. На основании полученных до настоящего времени данных можно выделить три основные уровня иерархии. Самый низкий (I группа) составляют виды, которые защищают только гнезда. Средний уровень (II группа) — виды защищающие гнезда и источники корма. Наиболее высокий уровень (III группа) — виды защищающие гнезда и все трофическое поле. Минимальное расстояние между муравейниками отдельных видов зависит от их позиции в иерархии конкуренции и больше всего между муравейниками III группы. Кроме того расстояние между муравейниками видов, принадлежащих к одной и той же группе, обычно больше, чем расстояние между муравейниками муравьев из разных групп.

4

Replacement of species in wood ant colonies artificially established on islands in Southern Finland

100%

Czechowski W. , Vepsalainen K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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tom 58

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nr 4

EN

Wood ants, i.e. species of the subgenus Formica s. str., are known to be temporary social parasites of ants of the subgenus Serviformica For. However, not only Serviformica colonies are used by young wood ant queens to start their own colonies. They are also able to take over colonies, at least queenless ones, of related species of the subgenus Formica s. str. This study followed five experimental colonies of wood ants – three of hybrid Formica aquilonia × F. polyctena, one of F. aquilonia-like form, and one of F. polyctena – artificially planted on islands of the Tvärminne archipelago, S Finland. After some years, the species identity of all colonies was F. polyctena, i.e. four of them had been taken over by heterospecific queens, whose offspring gradually replaced the old workers. These findings, together with already documented existence of hybrids in wood ants, partly explain the interspecific and intracolonial, until recently unaccountable, variability in wood ants of the Formica rufa group, frequently observed in southern Finland.

5

Territory size of wood ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a search for limits of existence of Formica polyctena Först., an inherently polygynic and polycalic species

100%

Czechowski W. , Vepsalainen K.

Annales Zoologici

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2009

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tom 59

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nr 2

EN

Wood ants are often absent on islands of the Gulf of Finland, even when seemingly suitable habitats are available. Their absence may partially be explained by the lack or rarity of ant species suitable as host during colonisation through temporary parasitism. To search for the limits of living conditions on islands, given colonisation constraints are overcome, we artificially established wood ant colonies on several islands constituting a series from suboptimal to extremely harsh living conditions. The case reported here showed that a barren < 0.2 ha islet, with aphids on its single pine tree the only permanent and relatively rich food source, has allowed the existence of an artificially introduced Formica polyctena Forst, colony for 22 years. The ambient living conditions are probably close to the limit for the species, as evidently the colony does not produce sexual offspring. Thus the sustained existence of the colony is dependent on adoption of fertile gynes originating in colonies that live in more optimal conditions. We suggest that the polygynic social mode of the inherently polycalic F. polyctena is the key for its sustained existence on the islet, as polygyny together with receptivity to new, even alien queens keeps the colony alive in a sink habitat insufficient for production of own sexual offspring.

6

Replacement of species in wood ant colonies artificially established on islands in southern Finland

100%

Czechowski W. , Vepsalainen K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2010

|

tom Vol. 58, nr 4

793-799

EN

Wood ants, i.e. species of the subgenus Formica s. str., are known to be temporary social parasites of ants of the subgenus Serviformica For. However, not only Serviformica colonies are used by young wood ant queens to start their own colonies. They are also able to take over colonies, at least queenless ones, of related species of the subgenus Formica s. str. This study followed five experimental colonies of wood ants - three of hybrid Formica aquilonia x F. polyctena, one of F. aquilonia-like form, and one of F. polyctena - artificially planted on islands of the Tvńrminne archipelago, S Finland. After some years, the species identity of all colonies was F. polyctena, i.e. four of them had been taken over by heterospecific queens, whose offspring gradually replaced the old workers. These findings, together with already documented existence of hybrids in wood ants, partly explain the interspecific and intracolonial, until recently unaccountable, variability in wood ants of the Formica rufa group, frequently observed in southern Finland.

7

Plesiobiosis between Formica fusca L. and Formica aquilonia Yarr. [Hymenoptera, Formicidae]

100%

Czechowski W. , Vepsalainen K.

Annales Zoologici

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1999-2000

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tom 49

|

nr 1-2

8

Formica rufa L. protects indirectly F.fusca L. against raids of F.sanguinea Latr. [Hymenoptera: Formicidae]

100%

Czechowski W. , Vepsalainen K.

Annales Zoologici

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2001

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tom 51

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nr 3

EN

By protecting their territory against all territorial ants, Formica rufa L. indirectly protected F. fusca L., nesting within their territory, against F. sanguinea Latr. raids. The permanent costs to F. fusca caused by highly aggressive F. rufa within their territories were outweighed by the benefits obtained by F. rufa’s protection against periodic raids of F. sanguinea. We interprete our findings in the light of the hierarchy competitive framework as follows.

9

Indirect effects in boreal ant assemblages: territorial wood ants protect potential slaves against enslaving ants

80%

Vaananen S. , Vepsalainen K. , Savolainen R.

Annales Zoologici

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2010

|

tom 60

|

nr 1

EN

The facultative enslaver Formica sanguinea Latr. uses as slaves F. fusca L. and other species of the subgenus Serviformica For. Earlier observations have shown or suggested that strong territorial wood-ant species, by defending their own territories, interfere with raids by F. sanguinea such that colonies of potential slave species gain protection against raids. At the population level, such protection should be visible as higher nest densities of F. fusca within than outside wood-ant territories, when both areas are within raiding distance of F. sanguinea. Here we tested this hypothesis by mapping nest densities of F. fusca. As expected, nest densities of F. fusca were higher within than outside wood-ant territories. In contrast, nest densities of two aggressive species, Lasius platythorax Seifert and L. niger (L.), unsuitable as slaves, were as expected lower within than outside wood-ant territories. Our results concur with earlier studies based on pitfall trapping, baiting experiments, and in situ observations on raids. The results also show that the positive impact of indirect protection provided by wood ants against raids may outweigh the direct negative impact of wood ants on F. fusca nesting within their territories. We discuss the geographic and habitat cooccurrences of wood ants, enslavers and potential slave species, and coverage of efficient indirect protection of potential slaves against raids.