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Badania jezior tatrzańskich z zakresu limnologii w latach 1804-1918

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Ślusarczyk J. M.

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2007

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tom R. 52, nr 2

155-177

EN

The first limnological investigation of lakes in the Polish Tatra Mountains began in le 19th century, with the pioneering work of StanisJaw Staszic. Staszic made measure-lents of the lakes and addressed the question of their origin, arriving at partly correct bservations concerning the shape and the depth of the lakes, and fully correct conditions on the differences in the water levels in the lakes; he also devoted some attention D the fish fauna of the lakes. L. Zejszner investigated the lakes in the years 1838-1839, omparing them with regard to their situation and elevation above see level, and making neasurements of the depth of the Morskie Oko lake, as well as supplying information on fish fauna. L. Bierkowski made a short study of the lakes, devoting most attention to the hydrographic network of the streams and other watercourses linking the Pięć Stawów group of lakes, and flowing out of them. He also made interesting sketches of the lakes ind of the location of the lakes. E. Dziewulski was the author of precise studies in the imnology of the Tatra Mountains, presenting the plans of the shores of the lakes, a very iccurately calculated barometric elevation and measurements of the temperature in the lakes, as well as describing the configuration of the bottom and backshore. L. Birken-majer was interested in the temperature of the waters on the surface and in the depth of the lakes, and he also investigated the freezing and thawing of the lakes, being the first to describe the thickness of ice layers, measuring the precipitation and carrying out many measurements of the altitude. However, in spite of the high standards of the research, most of the data concerned only the Morskie Oko lake, with information on the remaining lakes being incomplete and inadequate as a basis for making generalizations concerning the remaining lakes. L. Sawicki was concerned with bathymetry, as well as with measurements of the temperature of the Tatran lakes. A. Litynski conducted hydrobio-logical research of the lakes and took an interest in the thermal conditions in the lakes, which allowed him to point out a number of factors influencing the long duration of the ice cover on the lakes. In his research on the thermal conditions of the lakes, Litynski conducted comparative studies of a number of the lakes, measuring their maximum, average and minimum temperatures. All of this pioneering research provided a foundation for the broad scope of research carried in the interwar period (1918-1939).

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Warunki prowadzenia badań terenowych w Karpatach do roku 1914

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Ślusarczyk J. M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2017

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tom R. 62, nr 1

49--65

EN

In the second part of the 19th century, the Carpathians became a field of widely conducted research by the Polish scientists. On the basis of source materials we can reconstruct the conditions of those research. In the majority of cases the field works were carried on in difficult or even very difficult conditions. While getting to the foothill did not cause major problems, the state of transport and communication in mountainous terrain was very poor. Especially in the area of Eastern Carpathians there was practically no transport at all. Scientists had to cope with serious shortages in infrastructure - both in accommodation and available food; their diet was deficient and poor in nutrients. They were forced to spend the nights in spartan conditions, lack of guides evoked widespread criticism, the maps at their disposal were unsatisfactory, and the scientists were solely left to their own resources. Each time they decided to explore an area, they were aware of its difficult accessibility. The farther east they went, the worse accessibility of particular Carpathian range they encountered, and that situation extremely hampered their research. Thy had no specialist equipment to move in mountainous terrain and so were forced to settle for what they had - mostly things not suitable for field works. One has to remember that they had to use a lot of research equipment, which made it hard to move around. Their research work was also highly dependent on weather conditions and according to the sources, weather often hampered it or even prevented them from undertaking it at all. Despite all those adversities, the Polish scientists representing mainly the Kraków scientific institutions - the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and its Physiography Committee, as well as the Jagiellonian University - conducted field research in all the ranges of Western and Eastern Carpathian Mountains for decades. Regardless of very difficult, often extreme, conditions of field work, the scientists carried out their responsibilities excellently, making their substantial contribution to the development of Polish and European science.

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Badania faunistyczne Jezior Tatrzańskich do roku 1914

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Kownacki A. , Ślusarczyk J. M.

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2009

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tom R. 54, nr 1

95-113

EN

A precursor of the information on the Tatra mountains' fauna was Staszic, who having referred to his own observations, made mention to fishes in Morskie Oko. The information was later also confirmed by Zawadzki, Jarocki and Plater. A beginning of the modern searches on the Tatra mountains' waters we owe to professor Nowicki. He had not only recognized fishes, amphibians, the phylum Mollusca and insects inhabiting the waters, but also described new species for science. The disciples and followers of Nowicki continued on his searches. Dziędzielewicz took up research works over fauna of neuropterous insects in the Tatra mountains, including also the species living in the Tatra mountains' waters. Łomnicki and Rybiński did research works on the cockchafers' distribution. In 1890 Bobek, referring to Nowicki's searchings, started to investigate Diptera of the Tatra mountains. Then Kotula and Bąkowski began to describe snails and molluscs. The most eminent disciple of Nowicki was Wierzejski - an author of many articles concerning fauna of the Tatra mountains' lakes. He concentrated on exploring planktonic crustaceans and also made mention to other groups of invertebrates: hydras, Tricladida, nematodes, rotifers, leeches, Oligochaeta, water insects and molluscs. He also mentioned fishes and amphibians. Jointly, referring to his own searches, he recognized 80 species of the Tatra mountains' lakes. In the history of faunistical researches on the Tatra mountains he is said to be a discoverer of the relict species of crustacean Branchinecta paludosa. Besides the followers of Nowicki, Stobiecki described heteropters, and Rozwadowski and Niezabitowski studied on fishes. The disciples of Wierzejski were Lityński and Minkiewicz, who explored crustacean zooplankton. Apart from fundamental for the Tatra mountains' monograph concerning cladocerans (Cladocera), Lityński explained the reason why the distribution of Branchinecta paludosa is confined to Dual Caterpillar Ponds. On the other hand, having presented a description of fauna in 38 lakes of the Northern Tatra mountains and in 44 akes of the Southern Tatra mountains, Minkiewicz pointed out their'399 species.

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Badania faunistyczne wód polskiej części Tatr w latach 1919-1939

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Kownacki A. , Ślusarczyk J. M.

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2015

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tom R. 60, nr 3

67--77

EN

This work constitutes a continued presentation of the history of Polish research in the fauna of the Tatra waters and covers the inter-war period. During the years 1919-1939 these studies were still conducted but on a smaller scale than before the 1st World War. Many publications were based on earlier research done before 1914, which were broader works concerning the territory of the whole country, including also the Tatra waters, such as a monograph on the leeches of Poland by Michał Giedroyć, lacewing insects by Józef Dzięgielewicz, or juxtaposition of Heteroptera (true bugs) of “Galicia” by Adam Krasucki. Alfred Lityński summed up his many years’ research on the fauna of Cladocera (water fleas) conducted in 120 ponds, both on the Polish and Slovak sides of the Tatra Mountains. Unpublished materials of deceased scientists were used as well. Professor Kazimierz Simm, the disciple of professor Antoni Wierzejewski who died in 1916, published his monograph on Spongaria, in which he mentioned Spongaria from the Toporowy Pond and included notes about the winter fauna in the outflow of Morskie Oko. Museum collections were also used. Edward Schechtel worked out feed for trouts caught in Morskie Oko in 1900. New research on the fauna of the Tatra Mountains were conducted both as part of broader studies in the Polish fauna but also presented results of studies pursued only in the Tatras. Numerous researchers continued earlier studies of zooplankton crustacea in the waters of the Tatra Mountains during the inter-war period. Monographic study on Phyllopoda and Copepoda complexes of the Toporowy Pond was presented by Kazimierz Gajl. Several works of Zygmunt Koźmiński were devoted to population and taxonomic studies on plankton crustacean Cyclops strennus. Tadeusz Wolski found in the bog-spring on Kalatówki a new Tatra species of water flea (Cladocera) – Moina rectirostris. Meaningful from the scientific point of view and, at the same time, controversial, was the work of Gajl on Branchinecta paludosa. Using an enormous amount of materials coming from the Dwoisty Pond, as well as comparative material from Scandinavia, arctic European and Asian parts of Russia, Greenland, Alasca, and on the basis of differences in anatomical features, he came to a conclusion that the population of the Polish Tatras was a separate species Branchinecta polonica. This distinction was questioned later by scientists. It remained unsolved, however, because the population of this species in the Dwoisty Pond died out. At that time, for much broader scale studies were performed on flatworms (Dendrocoelum lacteum). They were started by Władysław Poliński with his monograph on the distribution of two species of Acoela – Crenobia alpina i Dugesia gonocephala – in Poland, and continued by W. Tomaszewski. Yet much greater achievements in learning about this group were made by Marian Gieysztor, who not only named several new species from the Tatras but on the basis of the materials coming from there also described species quite new to science: Macrostomum catarractae and Dalyellia tatrica. His research were on the global scale and later scientists named one species Gieysztor. From the world-science point of view, equally important were studies conducted by Witold Stefański on nematodes living freely in pond mosses and the lakes of the Tatra Mountains. In addition to the register of species, majority of which were found for the first time in the Tatra waters, he described three species new to science: Tripyla tatrica, Steratocephalus demani and Bunonema steineri. One of the greatest achievements of inter-war hydrobiology were studies concerning biology of the inshore sands, the so-called psammon, conducted by Jerzy Wiśniewski all over Poland, including the territory of the Tatra Mountains. In the Tatras Wiśniewski studied the fauna of rotifers occurring in the psammon on the shores of lakes and streams and the fauna of underwater sand. Briofile rotifers in Poland were studied by Leszek Kazimierz Pawłowski and in his research materials from the Tatra Mountains were also included. Similarly, Władysław Rydzewski in his review of Polish water mites from the Tatras named 9 species. On a smaller scale studies were conducted on the insects living in the Tatra waters. In his key to mayflies, based on the archive materials, Józef Stanisław Mikulski listed 7 species from the Tatra Mountains. A note on morphologic differences of mayflies from Baetis alpinus group was published by Anna Steinberg. Publishing his findings of many-years’ studies on lacewings in Poland from the area of the Tatra Mountains, Jan Zaćwilichowski named only one species Sialis flavilateratafrom Stawy Gąsiennicowe. In a thorough monograph by Tadeusz Jaczewski on water boatmen (Heteroptera) in Poland, there is only one mention of aquatic bug Glaenocorisa cavifrons occurring in the Toporowy Staw. In his subsequent work (Jaczewski), another species from Toporowy Staw was mentioned – Notonecta lutea. Of fundamental importance were only the studies on Tatra dragonflies conducted by Józef Fudakowski. He found 39 species of dragonflies in the area of the Tatra Mountains, occurring in lower water bodies: Toporowy Staw Niżny, Toporowy Staw Wyżny, Smreczyński Staw, at Capki bog-spring, on Siwa Polana, in Dolina Kondratowa, Dolina Pyszna, and the high-situated bog-spring near Morskie Oko. A popular-science review of studies on the Tatra lakes, which included also fauna research, were presented by Jerzy Młodziejowski i J. Rzóska.