A monastery in present-day Hronský Beňadik was one of wealthy ecclesiastical institutions in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Hungarian King Géza I (1074 – 1077) was the founder of the monastery. The paper is focused on the abbey estates which are recorded in the founding charter dated 1075 and the charter of Pope Innocent III (1198 – 1216) dated 1209. Both charters mention 25 settlements and "terra Sugolgi" with the St. Martin's Chapel in Dvory nad Žitavou. Some estates are recorded only in one of the charters.
The study is concerned with the development of settlement in the Žiarska Kotlina Basin, which is situated in the southern, middle part of the Hron Basin. The Žiarska Kotlina Basin is one of the oldest settled areas in Slovakia. It was already known in the Palaeolithic for its deposits of limnoquartzite. However, evidence of denser settlement comes only from the time of the Lusatian Cultural Complex. The Púchov Culture existed here in the Late Iron Age and Early Roman period. The Germanic tribes came later in the Roman period and in the 6th century probably Slavs. The Žiarska Kotlina Basin was relatively densely settled in the 9th and 10th centuries, with settlements concentrated close to the river Hron. The first written mention of the territory dates from 1075. Svätý Beňadik (today Hronský Beňadik) Abbey gained properties here. We lack written mentions from the following, 12th century. However, the territory was not uninhabited. Svätý Kríž (today Žiar nad Hronom), Hliník and Voznica probably existed. The castle lordships of Revište and Šášov were originated in the 13th century. We get our first evidence that the Archbishopric of Esztergom had property here. The majority of the settlements mentioned in written sources from the 14th and 15th centuries probably originated in the 13th century. The network of settlements still in existence today emerged at this time.
Saint Methodius, a native of Thessalonica, was not only one of the leading Christian missionaries and diplomats of the 9th century, but also an active traveller. He undertook several missionary and diplomatic journeys, which are mentioned in contemporary sources. The paper analyses his journeys to the Khazars, Great Moravia, Rome and finally in 881 to Byzantium. We trace the possible routes and the times it would have taken for Methodius to complete the journeys.
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A travelling was lengthy, dangerous and expensive in the middle Ages; long-distance travels were therefore not as frequent as they are today. Travellers were mostly traders, soldiers, artists, diplomats and missionaries. Byzantine scholars and saints, Constantine the Philosopher and his brother Methodius may be included in the two latter categories. The natives of Thessaloniki made several journeys in the second half of the 9th century. The study focuses on their missions to the Arabs, the Khazars, to Great Moravia, and, finally, to Rome in 867, which was their last joint mission. The paper suggests possible routes and chronology of the journeys the brothers made during the studied period.
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