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Energy Drink Consumption among Physically Active Persons in Lebanon: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study

100%

Hatem G. , Eid E. , Zaraket I. , Mechref S. , Awada S. , Al-Hajje A. , Rachidi S.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

2023

tom 42

5-15

Energy drinks (EDs) are caffeinated drinks marketed as energy and performance boosters and commonly used by athletes worldwide. They are widely used among youth and university students, with limited research about their consumption among physically active persons. Objectives: This study aims to assess ED consumption among physically active persons in Lebanon, the association between ED use and the participants’ general characteristics, and to explore the predictors of ED use among them. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted over three months, targeting 384 physically active persons from 8 gyms across Lebanon. Results: The prevalence of ED consumption was 49.2%, namely to boost energy (68.2%) and stimulate awakeness (19.3%). Around 20% used EDs during workouts, and 15.8% used them before it. Females had 59% lower odds of ED consumption than males (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.89), while older participants had 4.74 times higher odds of ED use (OR 4.74, 95% CI 1.16-19.3). Waterpipe smokers and alcohol consumption had 3.68 and 2.28 times higher odds of ED use than non-users. Among other sports, those doing weightlifting had significantly higher odds of ED consumption than others (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.30-5.25). Conclusion: The predictors of ED consumption should be considered for better-informed decisions and effective awareness campaigns.

Carbon monoxide and respiratory symptoms in young adult passive smokers: A pilot study comparing waterpipe to cigarette

84%

Zeidan R. , Rachidi S. , Awada S. , Hajje A. , Bawab W. , Salamé J. , Bejjany R. , Salameh P.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

2014

tom 27

nr 4

571-582

Objectives: Studies have correlated second hand smoke (SHS) with many diseases, especially respiratory effects. The goal of this study was to measure the impact of SHS on the respiratory symptoms and exhaled carbon monoxide. Material and Methods: The study population consisted of 50 young workers in restaurants serving waterpipes, 48 university students who sit frequently in the university cafeteria where cigarette smoking is allowed and 49 university students spending time in places where smoking is not allowed. Subjects completed questionnaires on socio-demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms and exposure to SHS. Exhaled carbon monoxide levels were measured. ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used when applicable as well as linear and logistic regression analysis. Results: Exposure to cigarette smoke in university (adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 6.06) and occupational exposure to waterpipe smoke (ORa = 7.08) were predictors of chronic cough. Being married (ORa = 6.40), living near a heavy traffic road (ORa = 9.49) or near a local power generator (ORa = 7.54) appeared responsible for chronic sputum production. Moreover, predictors of chronic allergies were: being male (ORa = 7.81), living near a local power generator (ORa = 5.52) and having a family history of chronic respiratory diseases (ORa = 17.01). Carbon monoxide levels were augmented by the number of weekly hours of occupational exposure to waterpipe smoke (β = 1.46) and the number of daily hours of exposure to cigarette smoke (β = 1.14). Conclusions: In summary, young non-smoker subjects demonstrated more chronic cough and elevated carbon monoxide levels when exposed to SHS while the effect of waterpipe was even more evident.