Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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CO2 Emission Reporting of Maritime and Air Transport in the Context of Sustainable Development

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Sulik-Górecka A. , Strojek-Filus M.

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tom Vol. 28, Iss. 4

381--389

EN

The transport industry, and especially aviation and maritime transport, emits significant amounts of CO2, adversely affecting the environment. The Sustainable Development Goals not only indicate the need to reduce CO2 emissions, but also to provide access to information on the amount of emissions, on top of their environmental and financial impacts. The main source of this type of information is found in financial and non-financial statements prepared by entities of the transport sector. CO2 re-porting disclosures should be subject to the principle of true and fair view ensuring adequate materiality, transparency and comparability of information. The aim of the article is to assess the scope and method of reporting information on CO2 emissions in the financial and non-financial statements of selected groups of the air and maritime transport sector. By means of content analysis, disclosures on this subject were reviewed and compared against the applicable legal regulations in the field of CO2 emissions reporting for the industry. The results of the research indicate a significant differentiation in the methods of reporting, in particular relating to the valuation and presentation of CO2 emission allowances in reports on the financial position in air transport and the manner and scope of reporting non-financial information in maritime transport. The obtained results indicate insufficient comparability of the reported information and a need for harmonisation of the provisions of law regarding the scope and forms of reporting. The findings also indicate a need to combine financial and non-financial information in single reports in order to properly interpret the effects of emissions.

2

Assesment of the quality of reporting information on CO2 emission rights on the example of energy sector groups listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

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Strojek-Filus M. , Sulik-Górecka A.

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2022

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tom nr 2 (30)

116--129

EN

Poland is a participant to the European Union Emissions Trading System, which aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Trading CO2 emission rights has become a strategic area from the point of view of managing entities that emit CO2. The aim of the paper is to investigate and identify discrepancies in the presentation and valuation of CO2 emission allowances, CO2 emission provision liabilities in reporting, and to assess the impact of these discrepancies on compliance with the true and fair view principle on top of the informative value of the financial statements. An in-depth qualitative analysis was used to examine disclosures of CO2 emission rights in the 2020 consolidated financial statements coming from the largest energy sector groups listed in the WIG Energy Index of the Warsaw Stock Exchange in light of the relevant legal acts and literature. As a result of the research conducted, it was confirmed that groups of companies carry out a range of CO2 emission rights balance classification and valuation. There were also significant discrepancies in the disclosure of information about the creation and valuation of provisions for liabilities due to CO2 emissions. The discrepancies observed in the audited entities’ balancesheet presentations and valuation of the acquired CO2 emission allowances and reserves resulting from IAS/IFRS in practice distorts the comparability of data presented in the financial statements. The research also revealed differences in scope of disclosed information, as well as its fragmentary nature. As a result, the comparison of data between groups in the energy sector in terms of their assets is impossible. Our study fills a research gap on the effects of using IFRS for the presentation and valuation of CO2 emission rights in the Polish energy sector and the impact of a differentiated approach to disclosures on the true and fair view conception in financial reporting.

3

Impression management in reporting environmental information in groups of the energy, raw materials and fuel sectors. Evidence from Poland

100%

Bąk M. , Strojek-Filus M.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2022

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tom nr 4

215--236

EN

Impression management is vital in disclosing non-financial information, including environ-mental information, in integrated reports. The purpose of the study is to identify and assess the effects of using the impression management strategies in presenting non-financial ecological knowledge in the integrated reports issued by capital groups from the energy, raw materials and fuel sectors, which have had a large share in the degradation of the natural environment for many years. The research was conducted based on two stages: the first stage – as part of the impression management strategy – focused on text analysis to identify the tools for thematic manipulation as well as visual and structural manipulation, and the second stage consisted in analysing the level of text readability using, i.a., FOG and Pisarek indices. The research findings regarding the selected business entities identified as the “polluters” of the natural environment confirm the application of various tools as part of the stake-holder impression management strategies, including manipulation using words, colour, pictures and text.

PL

Zarządzanie wrażeniem odgrywa istotną rolę w kształtowaniu i ujawnianiu informacji niefinansowych, w tym środowiskowych, w raportowaniu zintegrowanym. Celem opracowania jest identyfikacja i ocena skutków stosowania strategii zarządzania wrażeniem w prezentacji informacji środowiskowych o charakterze niefinansowym w zintegrowanych raportach grup kapitałowych branż energetycznej, surowcowej i paliwowej, które od wielu lat mają znaczący udział w degradacji środowiska naturalnego. Badania zostały przeprowadzone dwuetapowo: w pierwszym etapie – w ramach strategii zarządzania wrażeniem – przeprowadzono analizę tekstu w celu identyfikacji strategii manipulacji tematycznej oraz manipulacji wizualnej i strukturalnej, w drugim etapie – w ramach strategii manipulacji syntaktycznej – przeprowadzono analizę stopnia zrozumiałości tekstu za pomocą aplikacji Jasnopis, w ramach której wykorzystywane są m.in. wskaźniki FOG i Pisarka. Wyniki badań wybranych podmiotów będących tzw. „trucicielami” środowiska naturalnego potwierdzają stosowanie zróżnicowanych narzędzi w ramach strategii zarządzania wrażeniem interesariuszy, m. in. manipulowania słowami, kolorem, obrazem i tekstem.

4

Research and development in the service sector – vague definition and problematic application

100%

Maruszewska E. W. , Strojek-Filus M.

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tom nr 1 (28)

53--59

EN

It is a well-known fact that research and development (R&D) activities are an important factor in maintaining a business on the market. Nowadays, not only is conducting R&D crucial for entities from new technology sector, but also for companies from each sector, including service entities. The aim of the study was to investigate R&D activities among the biggest publicly traded entities in Poland and to examine the way economists and engineers understand the notion of R&D. We hypothesize and find that R&D expenditure is underestimated or unrecognized in financial reports disclosed by service sector enterprises. Further, we surveyed professional economists and engineers to investigate their knowledge about R&D notion and ability to distinguish operational (day-to-day) actions from R&D activities. The study results indicated difference between the opinions expressed by economists and engineers. Our findings are important for regulators and practitioners as they pinpoint that a substantial change in the definition of R&D is required in order to facilitate a wider adoption of R&D by companies rendering services.

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Preliminary research on the glass ceiling phenomenon in accounting and financial audit practice in Poland

80%

Szewieczek A. , Strojek-Filus M. , Sulik-Górecka A.

Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości

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2017

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nr 94(150)

159-172

EN

The paper analyzes the glass ceiling phenomenon in the accounting practice in Poland. The essence and characteristics of this phenomenon are presented in relation to the accounting profession and statutory auditors. Research on the ‘glass ceiling’ carried out in various countries, with a particular reference to the profession of a statutory auditor, was reviewed. The paper presents results of the research on the phenomenon conducted among a selected sample of audit firms in Poland. The results of the study confirmed the occurrence of this phenomenon in Poland with greater intensity in larger entities. The large scale of the glass ceiling phenomenon in the professional life of women in accounting is reflected by a high percentage of women in the profession of statutory auditor contrasted by the very low participation in senior managerial positions, e.g. partners in auditing companies. The paper uses the method of critical analysis of the literature and empirical data. Moreover, qualitative analysis was used for the data reported by audit firms.

PL

W artykule poddano analizie zjawisko „szklanego sufitu” w praktyce rachunkowości w Polsce. Przedstawiono istotę i cechy charakterystyczne tego zjawiska w odniesieniu do zawodu księgowych i biegłych rewidentów. Dokonano przeglądu badań dotyczących „szklanego sufitu” przeprowadzonych w różnych krajach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zawodu biegłego rewidenta. W artykule przeprowadzono również analizę dotyczącą wskazanego zjawiska wśród wytypowanej próby firm audytorskich w Polsce. Wyniki badań potwierdziły występowanie tego zjawiska w Polsce z nasileniem w większych jednostkach. Na wysoką skalę zjawiska glass ceiling w życiu zawodowym kobiet w księgowości wskazuje fakt wysokiego odsetka kobiet w zawodzie biegłego rewidenta połączonego z bardzo niskim ich udziałem na wysokich stanowiskach kierowniczych, np. partnerów spółek audytorskich. W artykule zastosowano metodę krytycznej analizy literatury oraz danych empirycznych. Posłużono się również analizą jakościową w odniesieniu do danych raportowanych przez firmy audytorskie.