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MORAVIAN IRON MONEY. MODEL OF THE 9TH-CENTURY AXE-SHAPED BARS’ GENESIS AND ITS TESTING WITH THE ASSEMBLAGE FROM STARÉ ZÁMKY NEAR BRNO-LÍŠEŇ

100%

Hlavica M. , Kouřil P. , Mikulec R.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

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2022

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tom 70

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nr 2

327 – 350

EN

The article offers a new perspective on the phenomenon of Moravian axe-shaped bars. It presents a new perspective seeing roots of axe-shaped bars in pre-Christian ritual behaviour. In this context, where practical function of original tools was suppressed, initial semi-finished products evolved into the earliest massive axe-shaped bars. These probably started to serve as a social currency and their value was probably derived from the weight of the iron commodity, and the intrinsic value of original tools (axes) respectively. The model presumes that since the beginning of their existence, the shrinking of their size and weight took place, probably because of gradual increase of iron scarcity. The shrinkage then gradually reached the stage when storing of a part of a weight unit was very difficult, because of the unforeseeable loss of iron mass during forging. As more precise weight could be projected into smaller bars only with difficulty, their values were probably disconnected from the intrinsic value of the iron, and started to be guaranteed by the issuing authority. The value started to be set arbitrarily in a different unit of account, and axe-shaped bars started to be used as substitute tokens of general-purpose money within the Great Moravian commercialized economy. This model was then confronted with the assemblage of 78 axe-shaped bars from one of the major Great Moravian strongholds at Staré Zámky near Brno-Líšeň. The results of the evaluation including their classification into size categories and mapping of their spatial distribution within the stronghold corresponds with the predictions of the model. Although a hoard of medium-sized bars was present on the site indicating that part of the assemblage may still serve as a social currency, most of the bars fell into small size categories and their spatial distribution shows that they freely circulated within the acropolis of the stronghold, and were probably lost during this daily usage. It thus indicates that they were used in the commercial exchange that took place within the stronghold’s market.

2

Skanowanie 3D w badaniach wypadków drogowych

100%

Mikulec R. , Motl J. , Tmejová T. , Svatý Z.

Paragraf na Drodze

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2022

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tom Nr 4

43--56

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia z dziedziny dokumentowania wypadków drogowych z zastosowaniem skanowania 3D oraz praktyczne doświadczenia autorów w wykorzystaniu tej metody skanowania na miejscu wypadku, jak również przy późniejszym przetwarzaniu wyników skanowania. W szczególności opisano różne warunki, w jakich można sporządzać dokumentację dowodową oraz podano rozwiązania niektórych praktycznych problemów związanych z wykorzystaniem skanerów 3D. Na zakończenia przedstawiono zalecenia dotyczące wykorzystania skanerów 3D do efektywnego dokumentowania wypadków drogowych z uwzględnieniem wymagań czasowych oraz wielkości danych w związku z koniecznością ich archiwizacji.

EN

This article presents the issues of documentation of traffic accidents using 3D scanning and the practical experience of the authors of this article in its use at the accident scene and subsequent data processing. In particular, the various conditions under which documentation can be performed and the solution of some practical problems related to the use of 3D scanners are described. Finally, the authors' recommendations for the use of 3D scanners for effective documentation of traffic accidents are suggested, taking into account the time requirements and the size (volume) of the data in relation to the need for archiving.

3

Z badań nad zależnością między energią zderzenia a deformacją pojazdu

88%

Bilík M. , Bucsuházy K. , Kostíková M. , Mikulec R. , Moravcová P.

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tom Nr 2

45--61

PL

Analiza deformacji pojazdu, bądź energii deformacji powstałej w wyniku zderzenia, stanowi jeden z zasadniczych elementów analizy wypadku drogowego. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja oraz ocena różnych metod dokumentowania powypadkowych deformacji pojazdu. Artykuł opisuje również warunki zastosowania poszczególnych metod oraz poziom ich skomplikowania. Na konkretnych przykładach opisany został proces oceny zakresu deformacji pojazdu, z wykorzystaniem określonych metod. Analiza wykazała związek pomiędzy energią kinetyczną pojazdu, powstałymi odkształceniami pojazdu oraz wiekiem pojazdu.

EN

The analysis of deformation, or impact induced energy of deformation, is one of the essential elements of road accident reconstruction. The aim of the article is to present and evaluate various methods of documentation of vehicle post-collision deformation. The article also describes the conditions for the application of particular methods and the level of their complexity. The provided study cases serve to show the procedure of vehicle deformation range assessment by means of certain methods. The analysis has indicated the relationship between the vehicle kinetic energy, vehicle deformation and age.