Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The Application of Mineral Sorbents to Remove Volatile Organic Compounds from the Gases Emitted from the Composting Processes

100%

Wierzbińska M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 22, nr 2

98--110

EN

The disposal of organic waste in processes such as composting is related to the emission of malodorous compounds. Owing to their character and low odour detection threshold, there is often a need for a hundred percent elimination of the contaminants from waste gases. One of alternative methods of treating the waste gases from malodorous contaminants, occurring in low concentrations in post-process air, is the biofiltration method. Most often, the method uses an organic filtration material. However, this method of air purification is still developing; therefore, there is a search for new sorbents among mineral materials, which would be an alternative for organic sorbents. The article presents the research into the application of aluminosilicate sorbents, including halloysite, for deodorization of the gases emitted from the processes of composting municipal waste. The semitechnical scale research was conducted for several weeks in a municipal waste composting plant, passing real gases through two biofilters filled with mineral sorbents. In spite of the fact that some problems occurred and the research cycle was not completed, the experiment proved that halloysite removes odours to a much higher extent than the other examined aluminosilicate sorbent. While the VOCs reduction on a bed with halloysite was 88%, the reduction on a bed with a second aluminosilicate reached 35%. The process conditions were very unstable; therefore, the efficiency of the VOCs removal process varied widely. However, halloysite has always been a better sorbent than the other aluminosilicate.

2

Deodorisation of Industrial Gases Using a Biofiltration Plant

100%

Wierzbińska M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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tom Vol. 24, nr 10

47--56

EN

This paper proposes the use of natural fibres: cotton, hemp and jute, as an additive to the fillings in peat-bark biofilters used to deodorise industrial gases in order to increase the sorption properties of the biomass used. The subject of the studies involved waste gases from a grease trap, which were passed through biofilters to remove volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from them that are responsible for the odour nuisance of these gases. It was assumed that a set of microorganisms would be established on the biological material through a process of natural selection to convert the readily decomposable fatty acids into carbon dioxide and water. Gases were sampled upstream and downstream of the beds as well as analysed qualitatively and quantitatively on a gas chromatograph. On the basis of the changes in volatile fatty acid concentrations, the efficiency of the deodorisation process was evaluated. The deodorisation results were compared between the individual beds at the unstable stage of those beds filtration, i.e. during the period of biofilters activation and during their stable filtration. For each bed, the efficiency during each week of filtration was calculated. The efficiencies of removal of individual fatty acids from the waste gases were also compared. The studies show that a 3-month filtration period of the biofilter is sufficient for the biological bed to begin to effectively perform its function as a deodoriser of waste gases under industrial conditions. This period was characterised by considerable turbulence and activation of both the filter material and the microorganisms in the bed. During the first weeks of activation, the beds described in this paper showed relatively low deodorisation efficiencies (33–58%). In the next phase, there was an increase in flow resistance and a partial decrease in treatment effects to 32–47%. After that, there were fluctuations in deodorisation efficiency for several weeks until the microflora was established and adapted. During this period, the peat-bark bed had the best efficiency amounting to 70–80%. After 9 weeks, the beds were already partially activated, the microorganisms were moving towards equilibrium and the deodorisation efficiency with fibre beds was above 80%. After 15 weeks of filtration, the already activated biofilters reached efficiencies of over 90% and even 95% in the case of cotton.

3

Designing Emission from the Point of View of Geometric Parameters of the Emitter

100%

Wierzbińska M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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tom Vol. 20, nr 4

143--149

EN

The paper presents the calculation results of the concentration of particles suspended in the air, taking into account various geometric parameters of the emitter and especially its height and diameter on the given examples. The situations where the emitted pollution comes from low emitters characteristic for single-family households, and then also from emitters of industrial type as well as high chimney stacks characteristic for thermal power plants were considered. For the cases mentioned above, modelling of the geometric parameters of an open point source was performed. The visualisation of results, presented in isoline maps of PM10 dust concentrations, has enabled to conduct an analysis of differences in immission and dispersion of the particles suspended in the air within the diameter ten times larger than the height of the point source/emitter.

4

The Removal of Organic Acids and Aldehydes from Gases Emitted from Composting Municipal Waste

100%

Wierzbińska M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 22, nr 3

58--66

EN

The article describes an experiment conducted under industrial (real) conditions in a municipal waste composting facility. The waste gases emitted from composting processes were passed through an experimental installation built in a semi-technical scale. The installation consisted of two biofilters which were filled with different aluminosilicate beds with average granulation of 4–10 mm. The sorbents were inoculated with a mixture of microorganisms bred on the mineral bed, previously operating in the tank with the waste from that composting facility. Malodorous gases were passed through the installation and concentrations of organic acids and aldehydes before and after passing through biofilters with the examined sorbents. The aim of the experiment was to determine which of the two mineral sorbents better removes the analysed contaminations from post-production gases. The experiment lasted for a month, as difficult and highly variable industrial conditions caused problems with operation and the experiment was suddenly interrupted. The study will be continued after the introduction of design changes in the installation. After the month of conducting the study it can be conclude that in the first weeks of the study, before the dampness of sorbents took place, halloysite reduced the concentrations of acetic acid in 80–99%, and of acetaldehyde in 96–98%. The other aluminosilicate caused a drop in the concentrations by 97–98% and 92–86%, respectively. Moreover, in the experiment planned in the semi-technical scale, it was not possible to determine the overall performances of mineral biofilters due to unstable operating conditions and ending the experiment prematurely. The halloysite sorbent finally turned out to be potentially the more efficient than the other aluminosilicate sorbent.

5

Wpływ rodzaju spalanego paliwa oraz urządzenia grzewczego na jakość powietrza atmosferycznego

63%

Wierzbińska M. , Adamus A.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2020

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tom Vol. 21, nr 1

17--25

PL

W artykule przedstawiono ocenę wpływu rodzaju paliwa oraz urządzenia grzewczego na jakość powietrza atmosferycznego na obszarze obejmującym 15 emitorów charakterystycznych dla gospodarstw jednorodzinnych. Analizę jakości powietrza przeprowadzono obliczając stężenia zanieczyszczeń pyłowych i gazowych w atmosferze w różnych odległościach od emitorów. Pod uwagę wzięto zanieczyszczenia pyłowe i gazowe, emitowane w wyniku ogrzewania domów jednorodzinnych oraz podgrzewania wody użytkowej: pył zawieszony PM10, dwutlenek siarki, dwutlenek azotu oraz dwutlenek węgla. Przyjęto 8 wariantów urządzeń, opalanych paliwami gazowymi, stałymi i ciekłymi, w wersjach starszego typu oraz nowoczesnej. Do obliczeń imisji zanieczyszczeń wykorzystano program Ek100w firmy Atmoterm. Obliczenia wykazały, że maksymalna imisja SO2 jest 963-krotnie niższa w przypadku spalania gazu ziemnego w kotłach nowoczesnych niż podczas opalania węglem kamiennym "ekogroszkiem", maksymalna imisja NO2 powodowana użytkowaniem nowoczesnych urządzeń grzewczych, jest niższa w przypadku spalania gazu ziemnego w kotłach nowoczesnych niż przy opalaniu węglem kamiennym "ekogroszek" prawie 5-krotnie, natomiast maksymalna imisja pyłu PM10 jest około 1283-krotnie niższa w przypadku spalania gazu ziemnego w kotłach nowoczesnych, niż podczas wykorzystywania węgla kamiennego "ekogroszek".

EN

The article analyzes the impact of fuel type and heating device on the quality of atmospheric air in an area including 15 emitters characteristic for single-family households. The air quality analysis was conducted by calculating the concentrations of dust and gas pollutants in the atmosphere at various distances from the emitters. Dust and gas pollutants emitted as a result of heating single-family houses and heating utility water were taken into account: suspended dust PM10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide. Eight variants of the device were used, fired with gaseous, solid and liquid fuels, in older and modern versions. The Ek100w program from Atmoterm was used to calculate the immission of pollutants. Calculations have shown that the maximum SO2 immission is 963 times lower in the case of natural gas combustion in modern boilers than when firing with "eco-pea coal", the maximum NO2 immunity caused by the use of modern heating devices is lower in the case of natural gas combustion in modern boilers than with "eco-pea coal" almost 5 times, while the maximum emission of PM10 dust is about 1283-fold lower in the case of natural gas combustion in modern boilers than when using "eco-pea" coal.

6

Risk of high PM10 concentrations in the Żywiec Basin depending on synoptic situation

63%

Wierzbińska M. , Kozak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2023

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tom Nr 86

7--21

EN

This analysis was performed for the Żywiec Basin area, located in southern Poland. The topography of the Żywiec Basin is an eminently favourable factor for the stagnation of cool air in the basins and the formation of the so-called “cold stagnation areas”, as well as the occurrence of inversion layers inhibiting air mixing. In addition, in the Żywiec Basin, the reservoir has a significant influence on the formation of weather conditions. It favours more frequent formation of local fogs and mists. The study focused on the heating season (6 months) from 2016 to 2021. The analysis covered winter seasons at the turn of the year starting from 1 October and ending on 31 March. During this period, for all heating seasons analysed, the average PM10 concentration was 58 µg/m3 . The 2016/2017 heating season proved to be the worst season in aerosanitary terms, with average concentrations equalling to 78.4 µg/m3 . Extreme levels of daily concentrations during those seasons were recorded in 2016/2017 (349.0 µg/m3 ) and 2017/2018 (476.2 µg/m3 ). This represented 700–900% of the limit value for PM10 concentrations. The frequency of exceedances of the daily limit value D24 for PM10 was high during the heating season, ranging from 83 to 91 days, which represented almost half (46.7%) of the entire season. The next stage of the analysis comprised the evaluation of the levels of daily concentrations (D24) against the background of the baric situation shaping the weather on a given day. The study juxtaposed the daily concentrations of PM10 in Żywiec with the daily baric situation in the upper Vistula river basin. The anticyclonic situation contributed to an increase in PM10 immission concentrations in all heating seasons from 2016 to 2021. In all analysed months of the heating seasons, differences in the average monthly PM10 concentration depending on the baric situation can be noticed, and the higher the concentration level, the greater this difference is. Similarly, the number of days with exceedances of D24 standard for PM10 was several times higher in the period when there was an anticyclone situation. The analysis of the type of air masses showed that the polar continental air masses were accompanied by the worst aerosanitary condition.

PL

Analizę wykonano dla obszaru Kotliny Żywieckiej, położonej w południowej Polsce. Topografia Kotliny Żywieckiej jest czynnikiem wybitnie sprzyjającym stagnacji chłodnego powietrza w kotlinach i tworzeniu się tzw. „zastoisk chłodu”, a także występowaniu warstw inwersyjnych hamujących mieszanie powietrza. Ponadto, w Kotlinie Żywieckiej istotny wpływ na kształtowanie warunków pogodowych wywiera zbiornik retencyjny. Sprzyja on częstszemu tworzeniu się lokalnych mgieł i zamgleń. W pracy skoncentrowano się na okresie grzewczym (6 miesięcy) w latach 2016-2021. Analizą objęto sezony zimowe na przełomie roku począwszy od 1 października, kończąc na 31 marca. W tym okresie, dla wszystkich analizowanych sezonów grzewczych średnie stężenie PM10 wyniosło 58 µg/m3 . Sezon grzewczy 2016/2017 okazał się najgorszym sezonem pod względem aerosanitarnym, ze średnim stężeniem 78,4 µg/m3, Ekstremalne poziomy stężeń dobowych w sezonach odnotowano w sezonach 2016/2017 (349,0 µg/m3 ) oraz 2017/2018 (476,2 µg/m3 ). Stanowiło to 700–900% wartości dopuszczalnej dla stężenia PM10. Częstość przekroczeń dobowej wartości dopuszczalnej D24 dla pyłu zawieszonego PM10 była w sezonie grzewczym wysoka i wahała się od 83-91 dni, co stanowiło prawie połowę (46,7 %) całego sezonu. Kolejnym etapem analizy była ocena poziomów stężeń dobowych (D24) na tle sytuacji barycznej kształtującej pogodę w danym dniu. W pracy zestawiono dobowe stężenia pyłu zawieszonego PM10 w Żywcu z dobową sytuacją baryczną z dorzecza górnej Wisły. Sytuacja antycyklonalna przyczyniała się do zwiększenia stężenia pyłu PM10 w immisji we wszystkich sezonach grzewczych 2016-2021. We wszystkich analizowanych miesiącach okresów grzewczych dostrzec można różnice w średnim miesięcznym stężeniu PM10 w zależności od sytuacji barycznej, a im wyższy poziom stężenia tym ta różnica jest większa. Podobnie ilość dni z przekroczeniem normy D24 dla pyłu zawieszonego PM10 była wielokrotnie wyższa w okresie, kiedy występowała sytuacja antycyklonalna. Analiza typu mas powietrza wykazała że najgorszy stan aerosanitarny towarzyszył masom powietrza polarno-kontynentalnego.

7

Wpływ warunków meteorologicznych na imisję pyłu zawieszonego oraz kształt smug kominowych w sezonie grzewczym

63%

Wierzbińska M. , Szczepaniak R.

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 1 (21)

26--37

EN

The aim of the study was to analyze exhaust gas streaks emitted from emitters during the heating season in the city of Żywiec. The relationships between the shape of the streaks and the weather conditions (wind speed and direction, air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, dust concentration) were analyzed. The shape of the chimney streaks (streaks: looping, coning, fanning, lofting, fumigation) has a decisive influence on the quality of the atmospheric air in the vicinity of the emitters. The observations of the emitters were carried out for 92 days – at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m., to separate the conditions existing before the satisfaction of social and living needs (morning hours) and at the time of satisfying them (evening hours). At the same time, data of the state of the atmosphere obtained from the Żywiec-Zabłocie air quality station and from two weather stations: ŻAR BSP Międzybrodzie Żywieckie and IMWM-PIB Radziechowy were recorded. The article presents the results of measurements of the state of the atmosphere and the observation of streaks. Data analysis showed a direct influence of weather conditions on the shape of the streaks and thus on the air quality. Analysis of the results showed that during periods of thermal inversion, there was an increase in the immission of particulate matter in the ground layer of the atmosphere. These conditions were often accompanied by pollutant or loop-shaped chimney streaks. Moreover, the increase in wind speed resulted in a decrease in the concentration of dust pollutants in a given area and contributed to the formation of ventilation streaks. During the observation of pollutant and loop-type chimney streaks, the immission of suspended dust increased significantly, which resulted in deterioration of air quality in Żywiec.

8

PM10 Concentration Levels in the Żywiec Basin vs. Variable Air Temperatures and Thermal Inversion

63%

Wierzbińska M. , Kozak J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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tom Vol. 24, nr 3

47--54

EN

A number of cities in Poland have been coping with the problem of air pollution levels exceeding the allowable limits, with PM10 airborne particulate considered one of the most hazardous factors for human health. Poland ranks high among European countries with some of the highest levels of airborne particulate pollution, and the Polish cities regularly place high in the EU ranking of those with the highest PM levels (and benzo(a)pyrene, a toxic airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs). Airborne PM10 concentration levels greatly depend on the prevailing atmospheric and topographic conditions. Temperature inversion represents one of the unfavorable weather conditions and this article attempts to study the effect of thermal conditions prevailing in the Żywiec Basin on airborne PM10 particulate concentrations in immissions. The 2016–2021 winter (heating) seasons were analyzed for pollution emissions, especially those related to heating by the municipal sector and classified as “low emissions”, i.e. emissions from sources not higher than 40 meters. An analysis of the 2016–2021 heating seasons showed the air temperature exerted a significant effect on combustion processes (low emissions) within the Żywiec Basin. The difference between airborne PM10 particulate levels in immissions at temperatures both above and below zero ranged from 86 μg/m3 in the 2016–2017 heating season to 25 μg/m3 in the same period in 2020–2021. Average airborne PM10 particulate concentrations throughout the entire period analyzed stood at 41.3 μg/m3 for the typical temperature distribution in the elevation profile, whereas inversion almost doubled it (72.2 μg/m3).

9

Regulacje prawne w Polsce i krajach UE w zakresie ochrony powietrza ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aspektu uciążliwości odorowej

63%

Wierzbińska M. , Świeńczyk B.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2020

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tom Vol. 21, nr 2

1--14

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie aspektów prawnych ochrony powietrza obowiązujących w Polce oraz krajach Unii Europejskiej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem uciążliwości odorowej. Pozwala zauważyć, jak trudno jest ten problem jednoznacznie określić w prawie. Praca obejmuje akty prawne, ustalenia (konsultacje społeczne), akty wykonawcze w Polsce oraz krajach Unii Europejskiej dotyczące ochrony powietrza ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem uciążliwości odorowej. W pracy powołano się na dyrektywy Unii Europejskiej, dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego, decyzje Rady Europejskiej, w których zostały określone prawa w zakresie jakości powietrza i zarządzania jakością powietrza, a także akty prawne, ustalenia, wytyczne, decyzje odpowiednich organów zajmujących się tematyką ochrony powietrza w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce. Porównując przepisy obowiązujące w Unii Europejskiej, krajach Unii i w Polsce można wywnioskować, iż Unia Europejska nie wyznacza konkretnych, jednolitych przepisów dotyczących uciążliwości odorowej, czyli ustawy czy rozporządzenia, które dotyczyłoby typowo tego problemu. Powstały dyrektywy dotyczące emisji do powietrza. Unia Europejska pozwoliła, aby na szczeblu lokalnym (czyli każde Państwo UE według przez siebie przeprowadzonych badań, analiz) kraje dostosowały przepisy samodzielnie.

EN

The purpose of the article is to present the legal aspects of air protection in force in Poland and European Union countries with particular emphasis on odor nuisance. It lets you see how difficult it is to clearly define this problem in law. The work includes legal acts, arrangements (public consultations), executive acts in Poland and European Union countries regarding air protection, with particular emphasis on odor nuisance. The work refers to European Union directives, European Parliament directives, European Council decisions which set out the rights in the field of air quality and air quality management, as well as legal acts, findings, guidelines, and decisions of relevant bodies dealing with air protection in selected European Union countries and in Poland. Comparing the provisions in force in the European Union, EU countries and in Poland, it can be concluded that the European Union does not set specific, uniform provisions regarding odor nuisance, i.e. a law or regulation that would typically address this problem. Directives on air emissions have been created. The European Union has allowed countries to adapt the rules themselves at local level (i.e. each EU country according to their own research, analyzes).

10

The Impact of Air Pollution on the Number of Diagnosed Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases

63%

Wierzbińska M. , Kita A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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tom Vol. 25, nr 2

167--175

EN

Over the last few years, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in air quality issues in Poland. Information on this subject is increasingly appearing in the media and in public debate. However, it seems that awareness of the existence and importance of this problem is still too low in our society. In particular, few people have sufficient knowledge of the impact of air pollutants on health. Consequently, the problem of air pollution is very often underestimated. The increase in risk of occurrence of specific adverse health effects associated with exposure to air pollutants is usually relatively low (except in cases of high pollutant concentrations or people in high-risk groups). However, the prevalence of exposure as well as the association with common diseases result in the fact that the impact of air pollutants on health status of the population is significant. This paper attempts to analyse the relationship between ambient air quality and the number of people who visited a local health care facility and were diagnosed with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The analysis was performed based on the town of Żory located in the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland. Air pollutant concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 for the summer and heating seasons were obtained from the database of the monitoring station owned by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. Information on the number of people who visited a physician on particular days and who were diagnosed with respiratory or cardiovascular diseases was obtained from the local health care facility “Medyk” in Żory. The analysis was conducted for the summer period from 01.06.2021 to 31.08.2021 and the heating season from 01.11.2021 to 15.01.2022. The analysis showed that the increased concentrations of particulate pollution did not result in an increase in the number of people who visited a physician with respiratory diseases. In the case of the heating period, incidents of above-normal concentrations of PM10 particulate matter may have had a noticeable impact on the increase in the number of patients who visited a physician with cardiovascular diseases. This increase in the number of patients occurred several days after the smog incidents which occurred in mid-December. However, no short-term link was observed between the increase in the number of patients with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the occurrence of elevated concentrations of sulphur dioxide in the air. Furthermore, higher concentrations of particulate and gaseous pollutants during the heating season resulted in more respiratory and cardiovascular diseases than during the summer season.

11

Zmienność stężeń pyłu zawieszonego PM10 w powietrzu na terenie Krościenka nad Dunajcem w latach 2018-2022

51%

Wierzbińska M. , Kozak J. , Zając E.

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

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2023

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tom Vol. 5 (25)

14--22

EN

Frequent exceedances of permissible PM10 concentrations occur mainly during the so-called heating season and are readily noticed not only by environmental protection specialists but also by residents; they are also wildly discussed in the mass media. If the state of elevated concentrations persists for at least several hours, it is generally referred to as smog. The du-ration of smog can range from several hours to several days, causing an increase in morbidity and in the number of deaths. The paper presents the air-sanitary situation in Krościenko nad Dunajcem using the air quality indicator as the concentration of particulate matter PM10. Krościenko is a Carpathian town located in the valley of the Dunajec river. Such a topo-climatic location is conducive to the occurrence of frequent temperature inversions, stagnant cold air and poor ventilation, which results in the concentration of local emissions mainly from domestic boilers. The research period covered the years 2018-2022 of continuous daily D24 PM10 measure-ments. Preliminary comparisons of annual concentrations with selected cities located in moun-tainous and foothill areas of southern Poland indicated the aerosanitary problem of Krościenko. In all analyzed years, the daily norms were exceeded from 46 days in 2022 to 91 days in 2018. This situation occurs as a result of the low-stack emission during the heating period and the poor topoclimatic conditions in Krościenko. However, there is a visible downward trend in con-centrations over the analyzed period, which may have resulted from the gradual reduction of the use of fossil fuels.