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tom 46
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nr 4
93-107
EN
One of well-known problems of the dogma of the Trinity is to predicate about the Divine Persons that they are God while simultaneously assuming the unity of God. The paper proposes a formulation of this dogma free from the above-mentioned difficulty within a new formal framework. The basic system is elementary ontology enriched with axioms B1 – B4, which are an interpretation of Frege`s predication scheme(with specific axioms A1 – A4). The elementary expression of axiom B1 – B4 is xEess(y) read as „x is essentially y”. Funktor U, which appears in the context xEUy („x is the unity of y”), is introduced by definition. The axiom of Trinity (AT) is adopted, whose elements can be expressed in the words: (1) God the Father is a Divine Person, the Son of God is a Divine Person and the Holy Spirit is a Divine Person (2) God the Father is not the Son of God, God the Father is not the Holy Spirit and the Son of God is not the Holy Spirit (3) What is a Divine Person is God the Father or the Son of God or the Holy Spirit (4) There is a unity of the Divine Person A definition of God (DG) is proposed, according to which: God is the Unity of the Divine Person. This construction includes a predication scheme which allows to predicate about the Divine Person that they are God in consistent way While analysing this problem, Peter Thomas Geach reffered to the mediaeval distinction between “God as such” (or simpliciter) and “God as this and that person” (or secundum quod). To express the latter predication he proposes the scheme: “A as P is Q” and following Aristotle, interprets is “A is (Q as P)”. According to him. the secret of the Holy Trinity consist in, among others, the fact that God is one simpliciter and appears as three persons secundum quod. God acts secundum quod and not simpliciter. The paper proposed a formal depiction of this predication scheme as well (D as definition)
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The article presents the findings of studies dealing with employment In the communal economy. The studies were conducted at three functional levels! theoretical, quantitative, and qualitative. They were focussed on communal enterprises having a status of public utilities. The article consists of one part containing diagnostic conclusions and the other model part showing directions of changes In ways of managing labour resources in the communal economy. The findings are of great importance for communal enterprises and for policies pursued by the local authorities and the government.
EN
The increasing role of logic in 20th century philosophy, heavily stressed by the representatives of Polish analytical philosophy, met with reactions from representatives of other philosophical orientations. In the Polish context the dispute around this subject can be described as one between supporters of the theory that conditional implication comes down to material implication and those who question this theory. The first position is represented by Kazimierz Adjukiewicz, the second by Roman Ingarden. They represent extreme versions of these positions. Moderate positions on the subject can also be adopted. A moderate version of the second position involves accepting certain conditional sentences and treating them as logically inconstructible. A logical analysis of these sentences is allowed, which would involve turning some parts of these sentences into new conditional sentences in a limited way. A formal realization of this position is proposed.
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The article presents a review and interpretation of the main terms belonging to the concept concerning processes of steering the communal activity. In this aspect of research problems, a considerable freedom in application of terms can be observed. It results, to a big extent; from lack of sufficient theoretical foundations for management activity in the sphere of communal economу. This fact justifies the necessity for concretization and introduction of a uniform interpretation of chosen concepts. Formulation of proposals in this area is the main aim of the present article.
PL
Opracowanie stanowi część pracy doktorskiej pt. Postęp techniczny a przemiany zatrudnienia w budownictwie, Łódź 1978 (maszynopis).
EN
The article deals with the influence of technical progress on structure of employment in the construction industry. In the conditions of present development, changes of employment are, to a growing extent, mining a qualitative character. The employment structure is determined by many factors, among which the technical progress is and will continue to be of special importance. In th is article there are presented results of researches carried out in the construction industry between the years 1965-1975. The analysis consists of three parts: a) analysis of changes in the employment structure according to basic classification criteria; b) construction and interpretation of the econometric model of influence of the technical progress on selected elements of the employment structure; c) identification of growth factors of building production with a special emphasis laid on employment and technical progress. The results of the analysis made it possible to determine the basic trends and scope of changes which the employment structure is undergoing. Econometric analysis, furthermore, outlined the direction and force of changes of its elements showing a big impact of technique and technology. The forecasting function in the warning sense is performed by an attempt at isolation of production factors pointing at clearly extensive foundations of previous development of activity.
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The article deals with problems connected with instruments applied in activity of the local authorities. This problems is especially important in the present and future conditions of economic activity. In accordance with principles of the economic reform and legal regulations, the local authorities have been recognized as an autonomous economic eutity equipped with the right to make independent decisions, especially basing on its own incomcs. The people’s councils and their organs are to operate in the economic sphere following rules resembling principles of the functioning of enterprises. This calls for a radical change in mechanisms and ways o£ activity of the local authorities. The chengé should encompass, first of all, the process of management of the entire development of their territory based on methods of indirect (parametric) influence on institutions, economic units und households. That is a very complex problem since both experience and tested solutions are absent here. The article is an attempt to outline systemic solutions in the sphere of instruments of the policy pursued by the local authorities. More detailed issues should be analyzed more comprehensively in the future.
EN
The distinction between number as a name and number as a functor alludes to the important Zahl-Anzahl distinction emphasised by Gottlob Frege. We start from Peano's expression of the axiomatics of natural numbers in the framework of Leśniewski's elementary ontology (OE). Next, we proceed to the enrichment of elementary ontology with Frege's predication scheme (OEsub) and propose such formulation of this axiomatics in which the primitive term natural number (N) is replaced by the term number-functor (A). The nominal constants natural number (N) and zero (0) as well as the functor of the successor (S) are defined here.
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tom 46
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nr 1
131-151
EN
Stanisław Leśniewski is the author of the famous verbal argumentation claiming that the universals do not exist. Bolesław Sobociński expressed this argumentation, in accordance with its author`s intentions, in elementary ontology, enriched with an additional assumption (TL1), which is of key importance for it. In the framework of the theory of universals sketched in this way, the above-mentioned conclusion occurs (TL7). The paper shows that this argumentative assumption (TL1) is unacceptable. It is artificial and incompatibile with the assumptions adopted implicitly by the supporters of the existence of universals. Based on elementary ontology enriched with Frege`s predication scheme (OEsub), we shall introduce the functor universal by definition (DP). In the framework of OEsub system one can talk of universals in a coherent way and it is impossibile to reconstruct the above argumentation (TL7 is not these here)
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Content available Interpretacja pojęcia „rządzenie publiczne”
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EN
The aim of this article is to identify a public governance. This is a key term in describing all actions, which are taken by the government (politicians, public administration) to influence the process of public issues. In fact this is a base term to value the quality of governance in wide range (domestic, regional or local).
EN
The philosophy of logic distinguishes between the ontological research attitude and the epistemic research attitude. On the other hand, there is the distinction between two types of negation: the classical / external / indefinite (~) and the non-classical / internal / definite (¬). The paper presents a propositional calculus with two types of negation (~,¬), which includes both the classical and the intuitionistic propositional calculus. We associate classical negation (~) with the ontological research attitude and definite negation (¬) with the epistemic one. The last and the richest construction introduced here is thus accompanied by the ontological-epistemic research attitude.
EN
In his dissertation dedicated to the analysis of existential import of logical formulas (1990) Karl-Heinz Krampitz presented a list of rules that allow to deduce the existential assumptions of complex formulas: R1 All elementary predicate formulas have existential import (are existential belasted) R2 If a has existential import, then ~ a does not have existential import R3 If a does not have existential import, then ~ a has existential import R4 a v b has existential import if and only if a and b have existential import We shall formulate the theory of existential import as base construction (EB) assumptionally. It can be subsequently strengthened while analysing specyfic logical system by adopting in the form of an axiom (or axioms) the elementary formula (or formulas) characteristic for given logical system which has (which have) existential import
13
Content available Źródła finansowania gospodarki komunalnej
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EN
The financing of the communal economy is a part of the system of financing development of a town. The present way of financing It arouses many reservations and does not lead to any significant increase In resources allocated on It and, simultaneously, It does not contribute, to any greater extent, to rational admlnistrat Ion of these resources. In order to create a good system of financing development of a town and its economy. It is necessary to perform major systemic changes, as well as changes in detailed solutions resulting from the former. The artlcfe outlines general directions of proposed reform in this field. More detaoled issues call for their separate analysis, which already goes beyond the Itmlts of this article.
14
Content available Oczyszczanie w miastach
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EN
The aim of this study was to provide a descriptive-analytical characteristic of sanitation facilities available in towns of the urban administrative province of Lodz. The study covers a period between 1975 and 1980, and it encompasses the following problems connected with sanitation of towns: cleaning of streets and squares, tian sport and dumping of liquid and stable garbage and impurities, containers for storage of garbage, and public lavatories. In the performed analysis particular towns were interpreted in relation to the main causes and consequences of changes occurring in various elements of town sanitation facilities.
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Content available Przekształcenia w sektorze komunalnym
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EN
The article analyzes the transformations occurring within the communal sector. These transformations have different aspects and include ownership, economic-financial and organizational changes. A special attention in the article is paid to a still controversial issue concerning the economic activity of administrative districts, creation of market conditions, economization of local self-government’s activity, system of regulations, privatization, transformation of previous communal enterprises, and models of communal services provision. The transformations within communal sector are forced out by many factors including, first of all, the necessity of adapting changes in the economy controlled by the local self-government to the requirements and principles of a market economy.
EN
There are various definitions of an ordered pair, from the one with fixing elements (Hausdorff) to the commonly functioning one given by Kuratowski. A definition (with fixing elements) of a tuple is proposed here, in which an ordered pair is a special case within the framework of elementary ontology (OE). Further, the logical status of this kind of definition is analysed. As a contrast, by enriching elementary ontology with Frege's predication scheme (OEsub), a definition of an ordered pair after the manner of Kuratowski is arrived at as well. A definition of the operation of Cartesian multiplication within the framework of this calculus is also given.
EN
In Aristotle's philosophy the term form has multiple meanings. The object of the present analysis is the notion of form in its static meaning. The term form in this meaning appears in two syntactically different propositional phrases: (1) x is a form of a, where a is a proper name or a common name and (2) x is a form of y, where is a form is a relative expression. A conversion of x is a form of y is y is a matter of x. The term matter from the equivalent of phrase (2) is treated here as logically primal and characterised axiomatically (B1-B4). These axioms are an interpretation of Frege's predication scheme (with specific axioms A1-A4). Our base system is elementary ontology. The term form which appears in phrase (1) is a functor in the substantial meaning. The theory of hylemorphism (HM) proposed here can be extended to include the postulate of singularity or non-singularity of the substantial form. The functor of form (F) in the abstract sense is introduced by definition. The expression xεFa is a formal equivalent of phrase (1). The special cases of form in this sense, which are defined, are individual form and species form.
EN
This study into the notion of authority have been inspired by Józef Maria Bocheński's treatise Co to jest autorytet? (What is Authority?). The elementary expression adopted here is: “x is subordinate to the authority y in the field a” – symbolically: xεsaut(y,a). Our basis is an elementary ontology enriched with these specific axioms: xεsaut(y,a) saut(x,a) saut(y,a) xεsaut(y,a) ~y saut(x,a) xεsaut(y,a) yεy saut(x,a)Osaut(y,a) xOy which are an interpretation of Frege's predication scheme. Functor Aya, which appears in the context xεAya read as “x is an authority for y in the field a”, is introduced by definition. The functor's special cases Ai and Ae appear in contexts xεAiya and xεAeya, which are respectively read as: “x is an authority only for y in the field a” and “x is an authority not only for y in the field a”. Moreover, the functor aut is introduced by definition, where the elementary sentence containing it – xεaut(y,a) – is read as “x is an authority for y in the field a”.
EN
This work analyses four formulations of syllogistic with negative terms. The first one is a well-known formulation of the system given by Anders Wedberg. The second formulation is a simplification of the axiomatics of Wedberg’s system given by Bogusław Iwanuś. The author of the third formulation is Albert Menne. In the article, a simplification of the axiomatics of Menne’s system is proposed. It is here regarded as the fourth formulation of syllogistic with negative terms. Logical connections between these constructions are examined.
EN
According to traditional grammar adjectives are either attributive or predicative. This distinction is also referred to by P. T. Geach. In Polish analytic philosophy attributive adjectives have been divided into two categories: determining and modifying (K. Twardowski, I. Dąmbska). The difficulties connected with the formal expression of the role of attributive adjectives in the framework of the classical predicate calculus are known (H. Reichenbach, D. Davidson). The paper proposes two logical constructions built upon elementary ontology which characterise attributive adjectives. Since they are nominal calculi, they are more natural than the predicate calculus and they avoid the above difficulties. The first construction makes it possible, for example, to see Johannes Scotus Eriugena’s logical schema in De Divisione Naturae in a new perspective. The second additionally includes relations, relative names, adverbs, and adjectives derived from adverbs.
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