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1

Ist das slavische Schaf (*ovьca, *ovьcь) bis nach Transkaukasien (hōgač) und Anatolien (öveč, ögeč) gewandert?

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Stachowski M.

Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia

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2010

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tom 15

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nr 1

PL

Die Tatsache, daß das ttü. Wort öveç ‘Widder im Alter von 2-3 Jahren’1 dem slav. *ovьca ‘weibliches Schaf bzw. *ovьecь männliches Schaf, Widder’ mehr oder weniger ähnlich ist, fällt leicht auf, besonders wenn man das ttü. Wort mit den neuzeitlichen Reflexen des urslav. Maskulinums zusammenstellt, vgl. sloven. (18. Jh.) ovec, russ.dial. (Archangelsk) ovéc, sowie mit dem Diphthong im Anlaut: pomoran. u{ovc und obersorb. u{ou{c (Furlan 2000: 164). A. Loma (2006: 36, Anm. 14) äußert sich hierzu vorsichtig: “[…] one might keep in consideration […] the similarity of the Turkish form öveč cited above with Common Slavic *ovьEcь ‘ram, wether; sheep in general’ (an old masculinum to *ovьca f. […])”.

2

Remarks on the investigation of the oldest layer of Turkic loan-words in Hungarian

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Stachowski M.

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nr 4

PL

Those who are interested in the investigation of the oldest Turkic loan-words intoHungarian have known for a couple of years about the research on this topic conducted inSzeged. It has resulted in a two-volume edition which will certainly inspire many scholarsfrom now onwards. In the present article a handful of remarks and suggestions is presentedthat were noted down while reading the “new Gombocz”.

3

Tadeusz Kowalski a sprawa jego niedoszłego wyjazdu na Uniwersytet Stambulski

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Stachowski M.

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2010

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nr 1(9)

149-168

EN

Some time after having come back from the concentration camp of Sachsenhausen to Kraków, Ta-deusz Kowalski (1889–1948), founder of Oriental Studies in Poland, was offered a chair at Istanbul University. The present author’s aim is: (1) to show that the only report on this event (Lazer 1994) is contradicted by archive materials, (2) to reconstruct the possibly most reliable course of events and their chronological order, as well as (3) to find the true reason why T. Kowalski eventually resigned from coming to Istanbul, even if all formalities were settled, and the relocation guaranteed his and his family’s safety.

4

Kilka uwag o kwestii Żydowskich i Słowiańskich źródeł polskiego bachor

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Stachowski M.

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2010

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nr 2(10)

185-192

EN

A discussion of the etymology of Polish bachor ‘1. brat, bastard; 2. Jewish child’, usually derived from Hebrew, and arguments against a study by R. Rosół (2009) are offered in this article. Two most important suggestions made by the present author are as follows: (a) Hebrew words were borrowed into Polish via Latin or Yiddish, so there is no possibility to bring Polish bachor back to Hebrew bāhūr ‘young man’, without an intermediary stage; (b) It is the Yiddish name Bechor that could have come via Byelorussian béchur ‘young Jewish man’ ~ *báchur id. (cf. the appellative usage of the German name Fritz and that of the Russian name Ivan) as a source of the Polish substantive. Nevertheless, some important questions still remain unanswered, e.g. the problem of the interrelation between all these words on the one hand, and Serbian, Czech and Slovak bachor ‘stomach, rumen’ ~ Byelorussian béchur ~ bachúr ~ báchor ~ bachór ‘1. ‘child’; 2. ‘chubby child’; 3. ‘young Jewish man’ on the other.

5

Zapożyczenia arabskie w językach jenisejskich XVIII wieku a problem lig językowych na Syberii

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Stachowski M.

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tom 123

PL

Niniejsze studium jest kontynuacją pracy rozpoczętej w Stachowski [im Druck]. Mimo że nieliczne, zapożyczenia perskie i arabskie w językach jenisejskich XVIII w. są jednak bardzo istotne dla poznania dziejów kontaktów leksykalnych na Syberii, gdyż narody jenisejskie nie miały nigdy bliższych związków z narodami muzułmańskimi, toteż słownictwo z języka arabskiego i perskiego mogło do nich dotrzeć tylko za pośrednictwem innych narodów. Jeśli analiza językoznawcza pozwoli ustalić, które drogi przenikania tych słów są realne, pozwoli to jednocześnie ocenić także realność istnienia proponowanych do tej pory (choć zwykle bez przedstawienia bliżej przeanalizowanych dowodów) lig językowych bądź wspólnot komunikatywnych w dziejach języków Syberii. Obserwacje materiału wyrazowego przedstawione w obu tych pracach w dużej mierze się pokrywają: (1) Wyrazów arabskich jest w języku tuwińskim i tofałarskim więcej niż perskich; (2) Wśród wyrazów tak arabskich jak i perskich nie ma ani jednego, który by występował tylko na prawym brzegu Jeniseju (tuw. i tof.), ale nie na lewym; (3) Tylko jeden spośród wyrazów perskich (nan ‘chleb') dotarł do języków jenisejskich od północy, tj. poprzez języki uralskie; wśród zapożyczeń arabskich nie ma takiego przypadku; (4) Tzw. "Liga Górnojenisejska" (Helimski 2003: 158) obejmuje język kamasyński, matorski, szorski i chakaski; badany tu materiał – podobnie jak materiał perski – nie dostarczył żadnych poświadczeń, że mogłyby do niej, jak sądzono, należeć również tuwiński i tofałarski; (5) Podobnie ani wyrazy arabskie ani perskie nie dają podstaw uznania istnienia tzw. "(?) Ligi Jenisejskiej", którą Helimski (2003: 161) słusznie opatrzył znakiem zapytania.

6

Teoria ałtajska

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Stachowski M.

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2012

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nr 2(14)

239-263

EN

The much discussed Altaic Theory is presented concisely in this article, starting from the work of Strahlenberg and Ramstedt. This author distinguishes – apart from Strahlenberg’s first, partially naïve observations – three evolutionary phases: (1) the dawn and progress of Altaistic studies: from the beginning of the 20th century till 1962 [Clauson’s opposition]; (2) the prevalence of anti-Altaicists: 1963–2003 [death of Doerfer – the last oppositionist who viewed his struggle against the Altaic Theory as one of the most important tasks in his career]; (3) an “Altaistic vacuum” – there are virtually no active anti-Altaicists fighting against pro-Altaistic views, nor active pro-Altaicists to be fought.

7

Skąd poszły strulki i hancle?

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Stachowski M.

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2012

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nr 1(13)

133-137

EN

David L. Gold (2009: 578sq.) is right when he supposes that s(h)trulkes, a Yiddish name of a certain children’s game, is a reflex of a Polish name such as *sztrulki ~ *strulki. Indeed, both those Polish forms exist and thus do not need to be asterisked. Several other Polish variants exist too, such as sztulki and sztule, as does an entirely different Polish name of this game, hacele ~ hacle ~ hancle. The present author shows that both strulki and hacle originally designated a kind of ‘horseshoe stud or screw’ used in the game (in the course of time the screws were replaced mostly by small stones). In both cases, the name of the game is formally a plural noun (thus meaning ‘studs, screws’) < sing. *s(z)trulka ~ *s(z)trulek ~ *sztula ~ sztul and hacel, respectively. Whereas hacel seems to come from Polish ocel ‘horseshoe stud’ < Czech ocel (or, maybe, rather < Slovak < Hungarian < Czech) ‘steel’ (<< Latin), the word *s(z)trulka presumably derives from Polish sztul ~ *sztula, which either reflects German Stolle(n) ‘horseshoe stud’ or is a blend of that German word and German Stuhl ‘girder, support; underlayment, bottom layer’ (lit. ‘chair’) (DWG).

8

Turkologie, Uralistik, Sibiristik oder ein Blick auf die Geschichte der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft

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Stachowski M.

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tom 125

PL

Der hier vorliegende Artikel wurde ursprünglich als Inauguralvorlesung (Oktober 2007) im Institut für Orientalische Philologie der Jagiellonischen Universität Krakau vorbereitet. Das eigentliche Thema der Vorlesung ist die Stellung der sibirischen Türksprachen zwischen Türkisch und Uralisch. Es wird versucht zu zeigen, daß die Sibiristik sowohl für die Erforschung der alten wie neuen Sprachbünde in Sibirien, als auch für die Erschließung der Geschichte sowie Etymologie der außersibirischen Türksprachen einen besonders günstigen Ausgangspunkt bietet.

9

Ketisch, Kottisch und die polnische Rechtschreibung

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Stachowski M.

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tom 125

PL

Nach den Regeln der polnischen Rechtschreibung soll die an der (heutigen wie ursprünglichen) morphologischen Grenze stehende Konsonantenverbindung t+s in der Schrift nicht als ‹ts›, sondern als ‹c› notiert werden (vgl. poln. Jakuck versus russ. Jakutsk), d.h. man orientiert sich hier nicht nach dem Bau und der Etymologie, sondern nach der tatsächlichen Aussprache des Wortes. Somit soll das vom Namen des Jenissej-Volkes Ket gebildete Adjektiv ket+ski nicht ‹ketski›, sondern ‹kecki› geschrieben werden. Ein anderes Jenissej-Volk heißt aber Kott, und das davon gebildete Adjektiv ist kott+ski; es wird zwar ebefalls mit [-c-] ausgesprochen, die Schreibung ‹kocki› bereitet jedoch Probleme, da die Regeln der polnischen Orthographie sich nur auf die Gruppe t+s beziehen, während die Gruppe tt+s unberücksichtigt bleibt. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden verschiedene Rechtschreibungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert, und auch andere Ableitungsmodelle (wie kott+yjski) erwogen.

10

Teoria nostratyczna i szkoła moskiewska

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Stachowski M.

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2011

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nr 1(11)

241-274

EN

The Nostratic Theory, the main directions of its evolution and the Moscow School of Comparative Linguistics are critically presented in this study under the following headings: 1. Preliminaries; 2. Beginnings and Holger Pedersen; 3. Three binary hypotheses; 4. The Moscow School; 5. Reception in Europe; 6. Conclusion. The aim of the present author is not only to show the main lines of the evolution of Nostratics but also to formulate what he personally views as its most characteristic features – now and in the past – and to suggest what questions inevitably have to be answered if some kind of future cooperation of Moscow Nostraticists with non-Nostratic diachronic comparativists is to come into being and take root.

11

IS THE ENGLISH GUINEA PIG A PIG FROM GUINEA, AND THE GERMAN MEERSCHWEINCHEN A PIGGY FROM THE SEA?, OR TWO OLD PROBLEMS REVISITED

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Stachowski M.

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PL

The old problem of the origins of the English name guinea pig is discussed here in the context of its equivalents in some other European languages (one of them being German Meerschweinchen).Some new suggestions concerning both components of the English name and the original meaning of the German designation are made.

12

Jak się ma jasiek do Jaśka, a zośka do Zośki?

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Stachowski M.

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2011

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nr 2(12)

103-110

XX

Two Polish substantives, viz. jasiek ‘1. small pillow or cushion; 2. biol. a sort of white bean’ and zośka ‘a sort of footbag (a street game [circle kick] played with a shuttlecock or a bag)’ are mostly, if ever, explained as eponyms coming from diminutive forms of personal names: Jasiek (masc.) ‘Johnny’ and Zośka (femin.) ‘Sophie’. However, no semantic explanation for this usage has ever been suggested. In this article, jasiek ‘small pillow…’ is interpreted as a morphologically adapted Turkic word, whereas jasiek ‘bean’ results from the semantic evolution of jasiek ‘pillow’. The word zośka ‘footbag; circle kick’ is also an adapted loan word, but one of ultimately Mongolic origin and transferred into Polish via Russian dialects.

13

Miechowita’s knowledge of East European languages (mainly Hungarian, Lithuanian and Tatar) based on his Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis (1517)

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Stachowski M.

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nr 4

PL

Very few people know that a possibility of reconstructing protolanguages or protoforms was probably first suggested as early as in the 16th century by Miechowita while discussing the origin of the name of Hungarians and that of Yugra. Miechowita’s “Treatise on the two Sarmatias” was once an extremely important source of knowledge of the geography and history of East Europe. Although much was written on its significance in correcting more or less unlikely information concerning these subjects his linguistic material was actually ignored. The aim of this study is to examine what was known about East European languages in the early sixteenth century.

14

Uwagi o jarmułce

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Stachowski M.

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2013

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nr 1(15)

119-124

EN

Polish jarmułka ‘Jewish skullcap’ is generally considered to be an old Turkish loanword. In Bohdan A. Struminsky’s 1987 article this etymology is contested and replaced with a Latin one. However, Struminsky failed to present convincing arguments against the Turkish origin of the Polish word and his Latin explanation does not seem absolutely perfect either. This article critically examines Struminsky’s study and provides specific arguments against the Turkish trail. The etymology and the evolution of both the guise and the meanings of Polish jarmułka appear to be more complicated than previously thought; thus, the present article should be looked on as picking up an interrupted discussion and, in addition, an invitation to reexamination of the Latin etymology and the semantic aspects of all explanations suggested so far.

15

Polskie głuchy i głupi a łacińskie absurdus ‘absurdalny’ – głos w dyskusji

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Stachowski M.

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2012

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nr 1(13)

127-132

EN

This author makes some remarks concerning a study by E. Rudnicka (2011), esp. the problem of the morphological structure of Latin absurdus ‘absurd’ vs. surdus ‘deaf’ and the semantic proportion between ‘deaf’ and ‘stupid’. The problem doubtless deserves a closer investigation, considering the fact that it occurs in some non-Slavonic languages, too, as well as that the semantic evolution has produced also some other meanings like Middle High German top ‘mad, rabid’ ~ English dumb, or, in non-IE languages: Tuvinian düley ‘deaf’ ~ Tofalar düley ‘calm, quiet’ ~ Chagatay düley ‘stupid’ = Middle Turkic tülek ‘blind’.

16

Liberman and Levickij: Towards comparative etymological lexicography of English and Germanic

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Stachowski M.

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tom 16

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nr 1

189-199

EN

Two important etymological dictionaries (one of English and one of the Germanic languages) and a bibliography of English etymology appeared in recent years. The aim of this article is to critically present and compare them, as well as to formulate a conclusion concerning the best possible future form of an etymological dictionary.

17

Polskie dunder

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Stachowski M.

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2011

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nr 1(11)

205-211

EN

The Polish word dunder (earlier also: donder) is only used as a part of the expression niech cię/go/ją dunder świśnie! ‘damn you!, to hell with you/him/her!’, lit. ‘let a thunder strike you/him/her’ (in somewhat older Polish, a phrase like u dondra ‘damn!, (what) the devil!, (what) the hell!’, too, is attested). The only etymology of this word one can find today is that given by A. Brückner in his etymological dictionary (1927): < Germ. Donner ‘thunder’. However, Brückner was satisfied with a blank formulation “nd in lieu of nn” which does not actually explain reasons and the mechanism of change. The aim of this article is to show that it was not a High German word but, instead, the Low German or/and Dutch word donder ~ dunder ‘thunder’ that was borrowed into Polish and used in the expressions mentioned above.

18

David L. Gold’s English, Jewish and other etymologies

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Stachowski M.

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EN

Thirty-one etymological studies published in a new volume by David L. Gold are discussed in this article. A general characteristics of David L. Gold’s etymological work and methodology is given at the end of the study.

19

Siberian languages in contact, 1: Collective numerals in Yakut, Dolgan, Tuvinian, Tofalar and some other Turkic languages

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Stachowski M.

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tom 128

PL

Morphological categories of Siberian Turkic numerals are particularly complex and therefore deemed to be especially advantageous to areal investigations. The aim of this paper is to see whether (at least some of) the suffixes of collective numerals can readily be used as isogloss connecting Yakut and Dolgan with Tuvinian and Tofalar or, maybe, also some other Turkic languages.

20

German Irrwisch ‘1. will-o’-the-wisp; 2. scamp, scallywag, imp’ and Polish urwis ‘scamp, scallywag, imp’.

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Stachowski M.

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tom 128

PL

Even if the derivation of the meaning ‘scamp, scallywag, imp’ < ‘will-o’-the-wisp’ is generally imaginable (albeit not self-evident) it is assumed here that this change is actually based on addition of a foreign meaning to a German one, rather than on semantic evolution.