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PL
Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. Pierwsza jest kontynuacją tematu dotyczącego grobownictwa wojskowego w armii austro-węgierskiej w czasie I wojny światowej, a konkretnie organizacją jednostek zajmujących się pochówkami wojskowymi oraz budową cmentarzy wojskowych na terenach Generalnego Gubernatorstwa Wojskowego. Drugą część poświęcił autor opisowi organizacji i działań służb grobowniczych w armiach niemieckiej (na terenach Prus Wschodnich) i rosyjskiej (na ziemi lubelskiej).
EN
The paper consists of two parts. The first one is the continuation of the subject of war-time graves in the Austro-Hungarian Army during the World War I, especially the units dealing with military funerals and the construction of military cemeteries in the area of the General Military Government. The author devoted the second part to describing the organisation and activities of the graveyard services in the German Army (the area of East Prussia) and the Russian Army (Lubelszczyzna Land).
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Content available remote Cmentarze wojenne twierdzy Przemyśl z lat 1915 - 1918
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EN
The article is an attempt at a brief history of establishing two large military necropolies in the city of Przemyśl, which were originated during World War I (in the years 1915-1916). It contains descriptions of these spatial-architectonic compounds.
EN
The article is an attempt at recapitulation of the activities of Military Graves Inspection in the city of Przemyśl. This separate unit of the Austrian army was in operation in the years 1915 - 1918 on a huge area (31 996 km^2) founding over 621 military cemeteries in thirty-one administrative districts, having at their disposal a relatively small staff (about 1200 officers and soldiers, including nearly 500 POWs). The article brriefly presents the ways of operation of this formation, its organisation and the names of the designers of the cemeteries.
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PL
W okresie I wojny światowej twierdza Przemyśl odegrała znaczną rolę w czasie walk pomiędzy armiami austro-węgierską i rosyjską, wiążąc w boju setki tysięcy żołnierzy. Efektem blisko dziesięciomiesięcznych walk były także dziesiątki tysięcy poległych. To dla nich armia austriacka wzniosła w Przemyślu dwa ogromne kompleksy cmentarne. Budowane były przez specjalnie do tego zorganizowane oddziały, w których znaleźli się służący w wojsku artyści, oddelegowani czasowo do prac projektowych przy nekropoliach wojskowych. W artykule zaprezentowano sylwetki czterech twórców, tj. Franza Szabolcsa, Maksa Rotha (Węgrów), Wendela Schwarza (Austriaka lub Niemca) i Józefa Wilka (Polaka), których losy połączyła na krótko (1915-16) wspólna praca twórcza przy projektowaniu i budowie cmentarzy wojskowych w twierdzy Przemyśl. Nakreślono także ich dokonania artystyczne przed wybuchem wojny i po jej zakończeniu. Spośród tych czterech artystów niewątpliwie największy rozgłos w Monarchii i poza jej granicami zyskały prace węgierskiego witrażysty i malarza na szkle Maksa Rotha, co zaowocowało zorganizowaniem w Budapeszcie muzeum jego imienia. Tam też zgromadzone są jego liczne dokonania w dziedzinie witrażownictwa.
EN
During World War I, Przemyśl fortress played a significant role in the struggle between the Austro- Hungarian and Russian armies, drawing hundreds of thousands of soldiers in battle. The result of the fight which lasted almost ten months, were also tens of thousands of the dead. It was for them that the Austrian army built two huge cemetery complexes. They were built by specially organized units consisting of artists who were doing army service and were temporarily delegated to project work on the military necropoles. The article presents the silhouettes of four creators, namely Franz Szabolcs, Max Roth (Hungarians), Wendel Schwarz (an Austrian or a German) and Józef Wilk (a Pole) whose fates were briefly joined (1915-1916) during creative cooperation on the design and construction of the military cemeteries in Przemyśl fortress. Their artistic achievements before the outbreak of war and after its end were also outlined. Among those four artists, the most famous within the Monarchy and outside it were the works of Max Roth, a Hungarian stained glass maker and painter on glass, which resulted in organising a museum of his name in Budapest. His numerous achievements in the field of stained glass making are collected there.
PL
Artykuł poświęcono historii powstania, organizacji i działaniom służb grobownictwa wojskowego w armii austro-węgierskiej - na szczeblu Ministerstwa Wojny - w latach I wojny światowej. W artykule oparto się w przeważającej części na dokumentach wojskowych z lat 1915-1918, znajdujących się w zbiorze Ministerstwa Wojny monarchii austro-węgierskiej. Dodatkowe informacje pochodzą z Archiwum Państwowego w Krakowie, Państwowego Wojewódzkiego Archiwum we Lwowie oraz literatury przedmiotu.
EN
The paper is devoted to the history of establishment, structure and activities of the graveyard services for the military in the Austro-Hungarian army at the War Ministry level in the years of the World War I. The paper is based mostly on military documents from the years 1915-1918 that were a part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy War Ministry collection. Additional information comes from the National Archives in Krakow, District Public Archives in Lviv and academic literature.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje krótki rys historyczny związany z pochówkami, wojowników, rycerzy i żołnierzy do końca XIX wieku w Europie oraz „dojrzewanie” idei budowy odrębnych cmentarzy wojskowych dla żołnierzy poległych w zmaganiach wojennych. Zarysowano także w skrócie powstanie w armiach walczących na frontach I wojny światowej wojskowych służb grobowniczych.
EN
The paper presents a short historical overview of burials of warriors, knights, and soldiers till the end of the 19th century in Europe, as well as the “ripening” of the idea of building separate military cemeteries for soldiers killed in war. The article also outlines the creation of graveyard services in armies that fought in the World War I.
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The author presents some historical data on cementeries in Pisa (Camposanto Monumentale), Florence (San Miniato Al. Monte) and Venice (municipal cementery on the San Michele island). He also includes his own remarks and comments on these cementeries. Moreover, he gives characteristic features of funerals in the Middle Ages and the 19th C.
EN
Purpose: This work is focused on the abrasion resistance comparison of alloy and cermet based coatings with nitrided stainless steel. Design/methodology/approach: The coatings deposited on the steel substrates were subjected to the abrasion test according to a modified ASTM G-65 (Rubber Wheel/Dry Sand Abrasion Test). Al2O3 abrasive sand with the granularity of 212-250 μm was used as an abrasive material. Stellite 6, NiCrBSi, Hastelloy C-276, Cr3C2-NiCr, Cr3C2-CoNiCrAlY and TiMoCN-Ni powders were used to prepare several set of samples. Findings: The obtained results show that the abrasion resistance is not directly proportional to the hardness. The difference in microstructure between cermet and alloy bases coatings in relation to their wear mechanism plays an important role. Research limitations/implications: The HVOF thermal spraying technology (High Velocity Oxygen Fuel) is commonly used as a component surface protection against abrasive wear. Alloy and cermets based coatings therefore meet the requirements for high abrasion resistance. Originality/value: The current trend in increase of operating temperature and steam parameters to improve steam turbine performance results in the operating temperatures which are close to the nitriding temperatures of steels limiting the use of this technology. For these reasons, the demand for alternative ways of functional surface protection is increasing, in particular to increase the abrasion resistance of component surfaces operating at high temperatures.
PL
Staphylococcal food poisoning results from ingestion of food contaminated with toxins produced by enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains. Common symptoms of this intoxication include vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Staphylococcal enterotoxins are resistant to heat and a number of environmental factors. Certain cheeses, milk powder, and whey powder are the only foodstuffs that are being routinely examined for the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA-SEE. The newly identified enterotoxins are not included in the current examination scheme. Enterotoxin-producing staphylococci were already isolated from meat, meat products, milk, dairy products, fermented food products, vegetables, pastries and fish products. It has been demonstrated that many environmental factors associated with food processing and storage can significantly influence the level of secreted enterotoxins by S. aureus strains. Nevertheless, only a few studies on the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins were conducted in foodstuffs. Most data on their expression is based on experiments performed with a low number of S. aureus strains, and usually only SEA-SEE enterotoxins are investigated. These results inclined many authors to the conclusion that milk and dairy products are unfavorable environments for expression of staphylococcal enterotoxins. However, recent research has indicated a significant heterogeneity in the ability of enterotoxin production in milk among S. aureus strains derived from diverse sources. S. aureus strains able to secrete high levels of enterotoxins in milk and meat juice were described. This research indicates that a high number of S. aureus strains should be used for studying staphylococcal enterotoxins expression in food. It seems to be the appropriate way to assess the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning.
EN
Aim of the study: The study was conducted to determine the incidence of genes encoding emetic staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in S. aureus isolates from pork and pigs, and to demonstrate the connection between the enterotoxigenic potential of S. aureus and its genetic background. Materials and methods: S. aureus isolates from pork (45 isolates) and pigs (45 isolates), representing various clonal complexes, were tested for the presence of emetic SEs genes. Results and discussion: Thirty-four of the 45 S. aureus isolates (75%) derived from pork were shown to harbor genes encoding emetic SEs. Among 45 pig-derived S. aureus isolates, SE genes were detected in 28 isolates (62%). Fifty-five percent of potentially enterotoxigenic staphylococci carried genes encoding classical toxins (SEA-SEE), whereas 28 isolates (45%) harbored exclusively genes encoding new emetic SEs. The most prevalent (82%) classical enterotoxin gene was seb, whereas seg and sei genes dominated (82%) among isolates harboring genes encoding other emetic toxins. Seventeen of 23 S. aureus isolates assigned to the CC15 clonal complex were found to harbor the seb gene. Ten of 15 CC7 isolates contained the selp gene. Isolates harboring seg and sei genes dominated in CC30 (81%) and CC9 clones (76%). Four isolates assigned to CC398 were shown to harbor enterotoxin genes, such as seb, sed, seg, sei, and ser. Our results indicate a high incidence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates harboring genes encoding other emetic SEs in pork and pigs. In most of the pig- and pork-derived isolates studied here, genotype-enterotoxin association was similar to that known from human S. aureus isolates. This is the first report on SE genes in S. aureus CC398 genetic background in Poland, and probably also in Europe.
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