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1

Ranking criteria for assessment of municipal solid waste dumping sites

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Mahmood K. , Batool S. A. , Chaudhary M. N. , Ul-Haq Z.

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tom Vol. 43, no. 1

95--105

EN

Priority wise channelization of resources is the key to successful environmental management, especially when funds are limited. The study in hand has successfully developed an algorithmic criterion to compare hazardous effects of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) dumping sites quantitatively. It is a Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) that has made use of the scaling function to normalize the data values, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for assigning weights to input parameters showing their relevant importance, and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) for aggregating the normalized scores. Input parameters have been divided into three classes namely Resident’s Concerns, Groundwater Vulnerability and Surface Facilities. Remote Sensing data and GIS analysis were used to prepare most of the input data. To elaborate the idea, four dumpsites have been chosen as case study, namely Old-FSD, New-FSD, Saggian and Mahmood Booti. The comparison has been made first at class levels and then class scores have been aggregated into environmental normalized index for environmental impact ranking. The hierarchy of goodness found for the selected sites is New-FSD > Old-FSD > Mahmood Booti > Saggian with comparative scores of goodness to environment as 36.67, 28.43, 21.26 and 13.63 respectively. Flexibility of proposed model to adjust any number of classes and parameters in one class will be very helpful for developing world where availability of data is the biggest hurdle in research based environmental sustainability planning. The model can be run even without purchasing satellite data and GIS software, with little inaccuracy, using imagery and measurement tools provided by Google Earth.

2

Chemical composition and insecticidal activities of essential oils of Myrtaceae against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

75%

Siddique S. , Parveen Z. , Bareen F. , Butt A. , Chaudhary M. N. , Akram M.

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nr 4

EN

The present study was designed to determine chemical composition of essential oils extracted from different species of the Myrtaceae family and to evaluate their insecticidal activities against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The essential oils of 10 species were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main component of Eucalyptus crebra, E. microtheca, E. rudis and Melaleuca quinquenervia essential oils was 1,8-cineole (31.6-49.7%). E. melanophloia and E. tereticornis contained p-cymene (41.8-58.1%) as a major component, while Eucalyptus kitsoniana and E. pruinosa essential oils were dominated by α-pinene (25.8-31.4%). Eugenol methyl ether was identified as a major component in M. bracteata essential oil (82.3%). α-Pinene (31.4%) was the main component in the C. viminalis essential oil. Essential oils of all selected plant species showed good insecticidal activities against T. castaneum when compared with pyrethroid as a positive control. Eucalyptus rudis proved most potent against T. castaneum, followed by M. bracteata, M. quinquenervia, and C. viminalis. The results of this study indicate that essential oil of Myrtaceae leaves have potential to be used in the control of T. castaneum.

3

Amelioration of hepato-renal toxicity by a flavonoid - rich fraction of Hibiscus rosa-sinenses (leaves and flowers) in male rabbits intoxicated by cadmium

75%

Hussain N. , Chaudhary M. N. , Anjum A. A. , Abbas N. , Zaheer M. , Mustafa G. , Majid M.

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nr 4

EN

This study was initiated to anticipate the potential protective effects of flavonoid-rich fractions of Hibiscus rosa-sinenses flowers (HF) and leaves (HL) on cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in adult albino rabbits. Cd, being a prominent environmental pollutant, poses a threat for its widespread range of toxic expressions. A dramatic increase in total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity has been observed in flavonoid-rich fractions of HF and HL as compared to their crude extracts, suggesting for the rationale for their use in this study. Thirty-six male rabbits were indiscriminately allocated into six groups, including control, Cd (6.1 mg Cd/kg/day), HF and HL (200 mg HF & HL /Kg/day), Cd+HF, and Cd+HL (receiving the same doses of Cd, HF, and HL) groups. Treatment (p.o) for 60 days resulted in improvement of weight gain in Cd+HF and Cd+HL groups in comparison with the Cd group. Treatment with Cd+HF showed better results than Cd+HL by significantly decreasing (p<0.05) transaminases (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), and creatinine and urea levels, while total bilirubin and albumin were increased on the 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th days in a progressive manner when compared with the Cd receiving group. Likewise, the Cd+HF group showed better activities than Cd+HL by significantly increasing (p<0.05) superoxide dismutase, catalase, and vitamins C and E, while LPO and Cd concentrations were significantly decreased in the liver and kidney tissues when compared with Cd-intoxicated bucks. Values of these parameters in only HF and HL-receiving groups were near the control. The histopathological studies for these tissues have also sustained the above-mentioned data. Thus, these outcomes suggest that the flavonoid-rich fraction of HF may act as a potent hepatic and renal protective agent than HL against Cd-induced toxicity in animal models.

4

Investigating the ameliorative potential of the Aloe barbadensis aqueous fraction on oxidative stress markers and biochemical parameters in cadmium-intoxicated rabbits

75%

Hussain N. , Chaudhary M. N. , Anjum A. A. , Abbas N. , Khan M. N. , Nadeem S. M.

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2016

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tom 25

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nr 6

EN

This study was conducted to evaluate the possible protective effects of the flavonoid-rich fraction of Aloe barbadensis leaf skin on cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in male albino rabbits. Cadmium is a notable environmental pollutant due to its wider range of toxic manifestations. The aqueous fraction of aloe extract (AAF) showed higher phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity among other fractions, suggesting its rationale use in this study. Twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, including the control group (receiving only vehicle), the Cd group (receiving Cd, 5.1 mg/kg/day), the AAF groups (receiving AAF, 200 mg/Kg/day), and the Cd+AAF group (receiving the same concentrations as the Cd and AAF groups). Oral treatment over a period of 40 days significantly increased (p<0.05) biochemical marker enzymes, including transaminases (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, creatinine, and urea, while total bilirubin (Tb) and albumin were decreased on days 10, 20, 30, and 40 in the Cd group as compared to control. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in enzyme levels and increases in Tb and albumin for Cd+AAF were observed as compared to Cd-treated rabbits. Contents of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and vitamins C and E in liver and kidney tissues were significantly increased (p<0.05), while cadmium content was significantly decreased (p<0.05) for Cd+AAF rabbits as compared to Cd-intoxicated rabbits. Values of all the parameters in only the AAF group were near to control. The histopathological studies for liver and kidney have also supported the Cd+AAF group markedly reducing the toxicity of Cd in both tissues to near normal. Thus, the results suggest that the flavonoid-rich fraction of AAF may act as a natural protective agent against Cd toxicity via suppressing oxidative stress due to higher antioxidant activity.