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Content available remote The Social Dimensions of Emigration in Mother Countries of Migrants
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Due to the difference of migration processes in the EU; new member states (NMS) are mainly sending countries while the old members of EU are mainly receiving countries, the balance of costs and benefits in the NMS is different from the old EU states. The emigration from the NMS is mainly seasonal labour migration. The emigrants want to find work quickly and earn money in a short time for consumption needs: their own and their family. Among the migrants of the NMS the application for social benefits in the receiving countries are relatively very rare. However, the emigrants create the social costs in the sending countries. They leave their families in the home country: children and parents. Separation from children and even abandoning them are one of the most dramatic results of the young, post-accession emigration to the Great Britain, Ireland, Italy and Spain. Moreover, social costs of the emigration of the 90s (mainly temporary and seasonal) after home-coming concerns health worsening and an increase of disability payments in the regions of the largest emigration.
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In this text changes in the work sphere are analysed in the context of job creation and employment policy. The analysis is based on the thesis that work is an essential and effective source of income, enabling people to live outside the material poverty and social exclusion zone. The authoress presents general trends in the sphere of labour during transition: employment rate, occupational passiveness, unemployment, labour migration and labour condition. To verify the researched thesis, main social and economic programmes and activities of governments focused on job creation are being identified and analysed. On this basis the employment and job creation policy are being assessed from the perspective of its impact on social exclusion. Presenting dilemmas of the job creation and employment policy and other economic problems and political choices in the period of transformation in Poland the authoress aims to explain that creating employment was not a priority of any economic programme in that time. Despite the negative social consequences resulting from the decrease of employment no comprehensive job creation and employment policy was developed.
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The subject of this article is family policy considered from three perspectives: (1) changes in the family formation process, (2) changes in the national welfare state model and (3) changes in the economic structure: transformation from industry dominated economy to service and information economy. The paper describes various family policies in the world as well as the evolution of the family policy in Poland in long history. Finally - in the article is assessed the nowadays Polish family policy program.
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Content available remote Labour Market in Health Sector - Neglected Field of Governance
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According to the thesis stated in the article, the labour market of the health sector is the analytically neglected area, which influences the weaknesses of the process of labour resources managing and, as a consequence, the lower efficiency of functioning in relation to the possible level. Moreover, this kind of weakness in the health sector management increases the danger of maintaining the serious unbalance between the labour supply and the labour demand. Such an unbalance is already present and is increasing; additionally, it has a global character. The lack of specialists in the medical professions is estimated globally at around 4,3 mln employed. Simultaneously, there is a huge increase of needs on the demand side. The main factor of increase of health needs - the increase of income - is nowadays intensified by the demographic and epidemiological changes, connected mainly with the population aging process. It is stressed in the article that in order to fight efficiently the shrinking of labour resources of medical professions, one should undertake immediate actions in the field of education, improvement of working conditions and wages of doctors and nurses, and introduce the institution of social dialogue into the current system of collective bargaining in Poland.
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