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5 Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

5 Ochmann J.

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Changing the enemy into the ally in the light of the security logic of Academia Diplomatica Europaea

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Ochmann J.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

2019

tom 34(34)

105-140

The author hypothesizes that in the era of information technology, logic is the crucial tool of security sciences, and logicians have a greater role to play in this field than politicians. This viewpoint is held by two significant institutions dealing with the logic of security: Academia Diplomatica Europaea (ADE) in Brussels and US Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The author focuses on the assumptions and activities of Academia Diplomatica Europaea. ADE assumes that the major challenge to contemporary security is to change the enemy’s mentality into the mentality of an ally. To do this, one should analyse the following logical categories: the category of relations (between individuals and societies) and the category of hostility. ADE mainly focuses on social relations, with their sociological and psychological aspects, assuming that enemies have not only official, explicit opinions but also implicit ones, and learning these implicit opinions is a key to change the enemy’s mentality according to the aforementioned pattern. The author then discusses the methods relating to the logic of security used by ADE. Finally, in the light of the assumptions stated by ADE, he analyses the institution’s activities aimed at contemporary threats, the major threat being, according to ADE, terrorism.

RESERVATIONS TOWARDS STEERING

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Ochmann J.

tom 11(11)

39-43

The paper puts forward the difficult issue of cultural steering. The author draws attention to potential threats that might result from this process. The main dangers include steering by technocracy, manipulation of information, psychological strain to individuals. A strong technological and technocratic determinism arises and influences the politics, social bonds, human personality, because it changes the essence of man. Further he argues we must consider unpredictable threats stemming from the fact that what is “naturally human,” is steered into something “artificially human” with no concept of possible far-reaching consequences.

AN AGRESSIVE EVIL. ZARATHUSTRA’S REFLECTIONS

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Ochmann J.

tom 22(22)

277-318

One of the most important ideas for the strategists of security is the idea of evil. This idea must be considered in two aspects: as a philosophical thought (as evil „in itself ”) and as related to concrete evil we can encounter. If we accept that the evil is real, it must be destroyed. If we accept that it is only a lack of good, should be completed to restore balance. The article spotlights the forgotten Zoroaster’s theories and some of their adaptations placed in the context of modern definitions of reality, human nature, hostility, war, and leadership. The summary encourages reflexion of the question what contemporary strategists can learn from Zoroaster.

Contemporary Methodology Used in the Ethics of Security

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Ochmann J.

2020

tom 37(37)

9-29

The ethics of security, a sub-field of security studies, uses the same methods as the philosophy and logic of security, but emphasises its different aspects. Methods used in philosophy and logic are “a path to the truth”, whereas methods used in ethics are “a path to the good”. The aim of ethics is not cognition but actions that are proper and ethical. Nowadays, the ethics of security uses mainly three methods: the humanistic, inventive and intuitive method. The author discusses not only the above mentioned main methods, but also secondary methods used in the contemporary ethics of security: the heuristic, phenomenological, semantic, empirical, functionalist, actualistic, pragmatic, reductive, deductive and dialectic method. The contemporary methodology used in the ethics of security focuses on the attitude of man to man and directs the attention of general ethics to this aspect. However, the moral value of certain actions, as well as the methodology itself, are subject to change. Without noticing this phenomenon and being aware of it, it is impossible to face the contemporary challenges of the ethics of security nor to be an active security entity.

ZŁO AGRESYWNE. PRZEMYŚLENIA ZARATUSZTRY

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Ochmann J.

tom 22(22)

277-318

Jedną z idei wymagających specjalnej uwagi wszystkich strategów bezpieczeństwa jest idea zła, postrzegana zarówno jako idea „w sobie” jak i w odniesieniu do zła w konkrecie, z którym przychodzi się spotkać. Czy zło jest realne, które należy niszczyć i burzyć, czy jest ono jedynie brakiem dobra, który należy uzupełnić by podtrzymać zachwiane lub zubożone dobro (lub porządek dobra)? Artykuł zwraca uwagę na zapomniane dziś refleksje Zaratusztry (VI wiek p.n.e.) oraz adaptacje pewnych jego teorii wplecionych w kontekst współczesnych definicji rzeczywistości, natury ludzkiej, wrogości, wojny i roli przywódcy. W podsumowaniu zawarta jest zachęta do zastanowienia się nad tym, czego może nauczyć się współczesna strategia bezpieczeństwa od Zaratusztry.