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2 Folia Morphologica

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A new insight into the fabella at knee: the foetal development and evolution

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Jin Z. W. , Shibata S. , Abe H. , Jin Y. , Li X. W. , Murakami G.

2017

tom 76

nr 1

Using longitudinal semiserial sections of 12 lower extremities from 8 human foetuses at 15–18 weeks, we compared foetal morphologies of the knee in specimens with and without fabellae. We also compared the fabella, if present, with the hallucal sesamoid in the same foetus. Cartilaginous fabella, positive for versican and tenascin by immunohistochemistry, was found in 5 of the 8 foetuses. This structure was embedded in a thick and tight lateral fibrous band, providing a common origin of the plantaris muscle and the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The plantaris was covered by the lateral head of the gastrocnemius, but these 2 muscles were separated by a distinct fascia or space. Notably, the foetal fabella did not attach to the joint capsule. In the 3 specimens without fabellae, the lateral fibrous band was thin, containing a fibrous mass, negative for versican and tenascin, in place of the fabella. The “medial” head of the gastrocnemius faced or covered the plantaris, while the lateral head was continuous with the plantaris. A hallucal cartilaginous sesamoid, positive for versican and tenascin, was present in all 8 specimens. It carried a flat surface facing the joint cavity and was covered by tendons of the short muscles of the foot. Because of the difference in topographical relation of muscles between specimens with or without fabella, rather than mechanical stress to the tendon, fabella development may require a distinct plantaris muscle independent of the gastrocnemius. We discussed about an evolutionary aspect of the fabella and plantaris muscle. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 1: 87–93)

Development of digastric muscles in human foetuses: a review and findings in the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

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Rodriguez-Vazquez J. F. , Jin Z. W. , Zhao P. , Murakami G. , Li X. W. , Jin Y.

Folia Morphologica

2018

tom 77

nr 2

The digastricus and omohyoideus muscles are digastric muscles with two muscle bellies. An insertion tendon of the posterior belly becomes an intermediate tendon in digastricus muscles, whereas a single band-like muscle in omohyoideus muscles may later be interrupted by an intermediate tendon, possibly due to muscle cell death caused by mechanical stress. In human foetuses, an intermediate tendon provides the temporal origins of the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. Some reptiles, including snakes, carry multiple series of digastric-like axial muscles, in which each intersegmental septum is likely to become an intermediate tendon. These findings indicate that many pathways are involved in the development of digastric muscles. A review of these morphologies suggested that the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle was a digastric muscle, although the intermediate tendon may not be visible in the surface view in adults. The present observations support the hypothesis that the proximal anlage at the elbow develops into a deep muscle slip to a limited finger, while the distal anlage at the wrist develops into the other slips. The findings suggest that, in the FDS muscle, the proximal and distal bellies of the embryonic digastric muscle fuse together to form a laminar structure, in which muscle slips accumulate from the palmar to the deep side of the forearm. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 2: 362–370)