Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The Directions of Interrelations Between the Company’s Performance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Activities

100%

Zajkowski R. , Domańska A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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2019

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tom 4

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nr 343

211-233

PL

Wspołzależności między zaangażowaniem przedsiębiorstw w rożnorodną działalność związaną ze społeczną odpowiedzialnością biznesu (Corporate Social Responsibility – CSR) a ich wynikami są jednymi z ważniejszych kwestii badawczych i praktycznych. Liczne wyniki badań w tym obszarze wydają się prowadzić do rozbieżnych konkluzji, wskazując zarowno na istnienie korelacji dodatnich, jak i ujemnych. W artykule podjęto probę uzupełnienia luki badawczej o wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na grupie polskich średnich i dużych przedsiębiorstw. W tym celu wykorzystane zostały adekwatne modele regresji liniowej, w ktorych z jednej strony rolę zmiennych objaśnianych pełniły aktywności ukierunkowane na CSR, z drugiej natomiast prezentujące samoocenę efektow ekonomicznych przedsiębiorstw. Sformułowane wnioski pozwoliły potwierdzić, że związki te, jeżeli występują, mają raczej charakter cyrkularny (tzw. wielowymiarowy łańcuch powiązań) niż przyczynowo‑skutkowy.

EN

The interrelations between engagement in CSR activities and the company’s performance are still one of pivotal managerial problems. Ample findings related to this issue seem to reveal a rather hazy than clear picture. In this paper, an attempt has been made to complement this problematic issue with the results of the survey conducted among a group of Polish large and medium‑sized family businesses. The aim of the paper is to analyse relationships between the self‑assessment of the company’s performance and its engagement in various CSR activities. It seems to be interesting to identify what kind of relationship and mutual influences can be found between the company’s economic and non‑economic activities and whether its value aspects, in their broad meaning, exist. To identify this relationship, two groups of linear regression models were adopted (CSR activities or the self‑assessment of the company’s performance as dependent variables). The ultimate conclusion drawn seems to confirm that the problematic area mentioned above should be described rather by a circular than linear direction of influences which were called a multilevel chain of interferences.

2

Barriers to gaining support: a prospect of entrepreneurial activity of family and non-family firms in Poland

100%

Domańska A. , Zajkowski R.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2022

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tom 17

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nr 1

191-224

EN

Research background: This paper explores the approach that focuses on entrepreneurial activities suppressed by restraining forces or different barriers. We investigated a particular type of obstacles reported by entrepreneurs, i.e., those which prevented their gaining access to support instruments. This paper delved into the specificity of family businesses and explained why perceptions of access to support could differ between family and non-family firms. Purpose of the article: This paper seeks to identify the differences between family and non-family businesses in terms of their perceptions of different barriers that hinder access to support instruments. Methods: The main research processes were based on logistic regression models with a dependent variable: 0 for a non-family firm and 1 for a family firm. As dependent variables 13 barriers to the access of public support instruments were adopted. The study was conducted on a sample of 386 Polish business entities. Findings & value added: The results confirmed the existence of differences between family and non-family businesses in perceptions of barriers towards gaining support in entrepreneurial endeavours. Obstacles, such as overly-complex bureaucratic procedures and requirements, lack of access to information disseminated by business support institutions, and complicated support settlement procedures, were perceived as far less crucial by family businesses than non-family businesses. Family businesses demonstrated a lower propensity to use real property as collateral for transactions. Additionally, family businesses with financial resources that overlap with their own familial resources declared that they found it easier to make their own contributions to satisfy the requirements for support programmes or services. This paper makes several novel and significant contributions to the field. First, we add to existing research focusing exclusively on family entrepreneurial activity by drawing a comparison between family and non-family firms in terms of the perceived barriers towards gaining support. Second, we address different types of barriers. Our findings provide further evidence that different types of businesses perceive certain types of barriers differently. Third, we extend current knowledge on family businesses study in Poland.

3

Family Businesses during the COVID-19 Crisis – Evidence from Poland

100%

Zajkowski R. , Żukowska B.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2020

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tom 54

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nr 3

EN

Theoretical background: Family businesses are a specific group of enterprises in which family bonds play a vital role in determining the economic and noneconomic goals of the business. The subject literature emphasises the long-term focus of family businesses which is on continuity, futurity and perseverance. During the COVID-19 crisis, unique family business traits can allow these entities to access useful resources and take positive actions such as forging strong networking relationships, tapping into local idiosyncratic knowledge, exercising rapid response, having flexibility and exercising trust with caution. This suggests that family businesses might also react to the COVID-19 crisis in their own distinctive ways using their unique attributes.Purpose of the article: In this paper we will show how family businesses deal with coronavirus restrictions and what measures they undertook during this challenging period. The paper is organised around four research questions.Research methods: This research was conducted using a sample of 167 family businesses. Primary data related to reactions of family businesses facing the COVID-19 crisis were collected in April and at the beginning of May 2020. To achieve the goals of this study, we carried out such research methods and procedures as fractal analyses, descriptive statistics, statistical comparison of means and subjective classification of the factors.Main findings: For family businesses, a sudden fall in revenue was a common result of COVID-19 restrictions in the Polish economy. In the case of the majority of surveyed family firms, revenues fell by 44%, and in the next 2 to 3 months businesses expected additional decreases of 39.8%. More than 65% declared a stable level of employment, but more than a quarter of surveyed family fims showed an average dip in fim employment of 15.7% and expected further job losses at around 13.1%. To protect businesses against the negative effects of the pandemic, surveyed family fims undertook several ad hoc measures. We divided the analysed reactions to COVID into three groups: proactive, neutral and progressive. We noticed that the most common measures were those marked as “neutral”, or those which neither expanded nor retrenched the business in the short term. This observation suggests that family businesses might choose “persevering” as their first strategic response to the sudden crisis. We also found that “proactive” measures were undertaken in family businesses which evaluated their probability of survival as higher than businesses that indicated “neutral” or “defensive” reactions. In addition, we isolated statistically significant differences in family fims’ average probability of survival among the firms which introduced particular neutral and defensive measures and those which did not. On this basis we can conclude that the lower the perceived probability of survival is, the more retrenchment-oriented types of measures begin to be taken. Additionally, it should be mentioned that so-called anti-crisis shields implemented by the Polish government were assessed as inadequately supportive of business entities’ survival.

PL

Theoretical background: Family businesses are a specific group of enterprises in which family bonds play a vital role in determining the economic and noneconomic goals of the business. The subject literature emphasises the long-term focus of family businesses which is on continuity, futurity and perseverance. During the COVID-19 crisis, unique family business traits can allow these entities to access useful resources and take positive actions such as forging strong networking relationships, tapping into local idiosyncratic knowledge, exercising rapid response, having flexibility and exercising trust with caution. This suggests that family businesses might also react to the COVID-19 crisis in their own distinctive ways using their unique attributes.Purpose of the article: In this paper we will show how family businesses deal with coronavirus restrictions and what measures they undertook during this challenging period. The paper is organised around four research questions.Research methods: This research was conducted using a sample of 167 family businesses. Primary data related to reactions of family businesses facing the COVID-19 crisis were collected in April and at the beginning of May 2020. To achieve the goals of this study, we carried out such research methods and procedures as fractal analyses, descriptive statistics, statistical comparison of means and subjective classification of the factors.Main findings: For family businesses, a sudden fall in revenue was a common result of COVID-19 restrictions in the Polish economy. In the case of the majority of surveyed family fims, revenues fell by 44%, and in the next 2 to 3 months businesses expected additional decreases of 39.8%. More than 65% declared a stable level of employment, but more than a quarter of surveyed family firms showed an average dip in firm employment of 15.7% and expected further job losses at around 13.1%. To protect businesses against the negative effects of the pandemic, surveyed family firms undertook several ad hoc measures. We divided the analysed reactions to COVID into three groups: proactive, neutral and progressive. We noticed that the most common measures were those marked as “neutral”, or those which neither expanded nor retrenched the business in the short term. This observation suggests that family businesses might choose “persevering” as their first strategic response to the sudden crisis. We also found that “proactive” measures were undertaken in family businesses which evaluated their probability of survival as higher than businesses that indicated “neutral” or “defensive” reactions. In addition, we isolated statistically significant differences in family fims’ average probability of survival among the firms which introduced particular neutral and defensive measures and those which did not. On this basis we can conclude that the lower the perceived probability of survival is, the more retrenchment-oriented types of measures begin to be taken. Additionally, it should be mentioned that so-called anti-crisis shields implemented by the Polish government were assessed as inadequately supportive of business entities’ survival.

4

Differences in perception of regional pro-entrepreneurial policy: does obtaining support change a prospect?

100%

Zajkowski R. , Domańska A.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2019

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tom 10

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nr 2

359-384

EN

Research background: In the paper, we presented a most crucial aspect of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in a regional context that seems to be more visible than the general approach. The role of entrepreneurs and support institutions as one of the main actors of a regional entrepreneurship ecosystem was underscored. We also stressed the significance of entrepreneurs' opinions related to Business Support Institutions (BSI) as sources of feedback and potential boosters of delivery and promotion that can be used by regional stakeholders and policymakers. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to investigate significant differences in a perception of regional pro-entrepreneurial institutions between businesses that obtained or did not obtain support. Methods: Our study is based on data collected in Lubelskie Voivodeship, hence they refer to a single region in Poland. The sample totalled 386 responses, and we conducted numerical analyses by using the logit linear regression model. As the dependent variable, we used a dual-variable (not supported; supported) that describes two groups of enterprises, i.e. those that do not get and those that got some sort of public support. As independent variables, we adopted 18 factors that depict ordinary scale perception of various aspects of regional pro-entrepreneurial policy. Findings & Value added: Analyses revealed nine statistically significant relationships between perception of regional BSI impact on enterprises functioning and regional entrepreneurial ecosystem depending on whether particular enterprises got or did not get support, e.g. a favourable experience in obtaining support boosts positive perception that support from BSI influences positively the decision to set up one's own business. BSI at Lubelskie Voivodeship acts in favour to create bonds between enterprises, and support from BSI increases opportunities to survive in the market. Moreover, supported enterprises perceived better aspects, such as positive influence on enterprises' innovativeness thanks to BSI, and more are convinced that support programmes of BSI are available for a broad group of companies.

5

Importance of Individual Characteristics of Entrepreneurs and Perception of Factors Determining the Start-Up of a Business in the Lubelskie Voivodship

80%

Domańska A. , Żukowska B. , Zajkowski R.

Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i prognozy

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2018

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nr 3(53)

101-108

EN

Businesses are an important part of economic development in a region. Through business activity, new innovations are created which accelerate economic growth and structural change. It should also be said that entrepreneurship has a strong influence on the competitiveness of the area in which it operates and shapes the professional activity of the population. In addition, entrepreneurship absorbs development factors that are specific to the region such as natural resources, human resources, etc. Hence, it is important to build entrepreneurial attitudes that influence the establishment of enterprises. The main goal of this paper is to express the importance of creating an entrepreneurial attitude in the Lubelskie Voivodship. In the paper, we discuss how this attitude can be beneficial for creating businesses and thus for regional development. To achieve the main goal, we used data collected in April and May 2016 among small and medium enterprises operating in the Lubelskie Voivodship. After rejecting the large enterprises, incomplete responses, and those that did not respond, the research sample consisted of 186 entities. Using statistical methods, such as regression models and statistical tests we found out that features such as creativity, ambition, hard work and self-confidence are the ones that were recognized by entrepreneurs in the Lubelskie Voivodship as the most desirable. In order to improve the situation of the region by boosting the number of established enterprises, the authorities should take steps to build an entrepreneurial attitude based on these characteristics. Results indicate that self-discipline is not a desirable feature among potential entrepreneurs. It turns out that according to the opinion of entrepreneurs, the ability to control oneself is not a useful feature when you want to run your business. Likewise, risk-taking propensity is also an undesirable characteristic. It should be noted, however, that the research made for the purpose of the paper was conducted among entrepreneurs who decided to start their own company. Their answers give a better picture of the traits which a potential entrepreneur should have. So, the results of these studies are an interesting starting point for further in-depth research.

PL

Przedsiębiorstwa w decydującej części odpowiadają za rozwój poszczególnych regionów. Poprzez swoją aktywność i innowacyjność przyspieszają rozwój gospodarczy oraz zmiany strukturalne. Można również powiedzieć, że wywierają wpływ na konkurencyjność obszarów, w których działają oraz kształtują profesjonalne zachowania społeczeństwa. Co więcej, przedsiębiorstwa absorbują specyficzne czynniki rozwoju regionów, jak np. zasoby naturalne, zasoby ludzkie itp. W świetle zarysowanych powyżej przyczyn kluczowe wydaje się kształtowanie postaw proprzedsiębiorczych, które będą sprzyjały tworzeniu nowych firm. Głównym celem pracy było ukazanie znaczenia procesów ukierunkowanych na kreowanie proprzedsiębiorczych postaw społeczeństwa w województwie lubelskim. Poddano dyskusji, w jaki sposób takie podejście może sprzyjać tworzeniu nowych podmiotów oraz wpływać na rozwój regionu. W procesie realizacji głównego celu pracy zostały wykorzystane dane liczbowe zgromadzone w okresie od kwietnia do maja 2016 roku — badanie zostało przeprowadzone na grupie małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw województwa lubelskiego. Po wyłączeniu z próby przypadkowo wybranych przedsiębiorstw dużych oraz wadliwych kwestionariuszy, ostateczna próba liczyła 186 jednostek. Przy wykorzystaniu modeli regresji liniowej oraz weryfikacji statystycznej uzyskanych wyników udało się ustalić, że takie cechy jak kreatywność, ambicja, zaangażowanie, pewność siebie zostały uznane przez przedsiębiorców z województwa lubelskiego jako pożądane. Chcąc poprawić sytuację w regionie poprzez zwiększenie liczby nowopowstających przedsiębiorstw, władze lokalne powinny podjąć kroki związane z tworzeniem proprzedsiebiorczego klimatu opartego o wskazane cechy. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że z kolei samodyscyplina, czy skłonność do podejmowania ryzyka nie są szczególnie ważnymi cechami zdaniem przedsiębiorców. Uzyskane wyniki rzucają nowe światło na analizowane zagadnienia i stanowią jednocześnie interesujący punkt wyjścia dla dalszych prac badawczych.

6

Pożądane cechy przedsiębiorcy – perspektywa firm rodzinnych i nierodzinnych

80%

Żukowska B. A. , Domańska A. , Zajkowski R.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2018

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tom 52

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nr 6

EN

The traits and skills of a successful entrepreneur may differ between businesses. In family enterprises, where at least two systems – family and business – meet, the desirable characteristics of a good entrepreneur are different from those in non-family businesses. The main goal of this paper was to establish which features of an entrepreneur are considered more favourable in family businesses than in non-family businesses. Our results demonstrate that for family entrepreneurs, features connected with sustaining long-term survival are more vital than for non-family businesses. Moreover, skills which may be useful in developing social capital – for example, negotiation skills and creating business relations – are more important in non-family fims, which is contrary to the assumption provided in the literature review. however, the evaluation of the results gained in this study indicates that in order to sustain their competitive advantages, family fims should not downplay the role of social skills and should become less risk-averse, as risk-taking can sometimes be the only way to ensure survival in the market.

PL

Pożądane cechy i umiejętności dobrego przedsiębiorcy mogą się różnić w zależności od organizacji, w którą jest zaangażowany. W przedsiębiorstwach rodzinnych, w których spotykają się co najmniej dwa systemy: rodzina i przedsiębiorstwo – pożądane cechy przedsiębiorcy mogą być zupełnie inne niż w przypadku pozostałych przedsiębiorstw. Głównym celem artykułu było ustalenie, które z tych cech są lepiej postrzegane przez firmy rodzinne, a które – przez firmy nierodzinne. Wyniki pokazują, że dla przedsiębiorców rodzinnych cechy związane z utrzymaniem długoterminowego przetrwania są ważniejsze niż dla firm nierodzinnych. Co więcej, umiejętności, które mogą być przydatne dla rozwoju kapitału społecznego (np. umiejętności negocjacyjne i tworzenie relacji biznesowych), są ważniejsze w firmach nierodzinnych. Ocena wyników uzyskanych w tym badaniu wskazuje, że w celu utrzymania przewagi konkurencyjnej firmy rodzinne nie powinny bagatelizować roli umiejętności społecznych i powinny być bardziej otwarte na podejmowanie ryzyka, ponieważ z czasem może się to okazać jedyną drogą do zapewnienia im przetrwania na rynku.