Nucleotic enzymes (5- and 3-nucleases, exo and endonucleases) can degrede short unmodified oligonucleotides applied as potential antisense agents. Better stability of oligonucleotides against nucleolytic enzymes can be achieved by chemical modification of internucleotide bonds.Stability of the phosphorothioate, phosphoroditioate and methylphosphonate analogues of oligonucleotides against nuclease P1,3-exonuclease, snake venom phosphodiesterase and other nucleases is discussed
The term nutrigenomics refers to the effect of diet on gene expression, while the term nutrigenetics refers to the influence of genetic variation (single nucleotide polymorphisms and/or copy number variation) on the response to a specific diet, functional food or diet supplement. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics become an important new research areas because there is growing evidence that diet can influence the long-term risk for metabolic, degenerative or cancer diseases. Various nutrients can influence DNA and chromatine structure, regulation of transcription and signal transduction. Understanding of the diet-gene interactions will allow to redefine current concepts of preventive medicine or dietetics and improve functional food production.
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes catalyze broad range of reactions. They are involved in biotransformation of amino acids and their derivatives in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Recently, due to development of crystallographic technology, three-dimensional structures of some PLP-enzymes are being solved. A comparison of tertiary structure of these enzymes has shown that most of them can be divided into three classes of homologous proteins. This review contains short characteristics of PLP-dependent enzymes, regarding to their substrates and the reaction types catalyzed. Because of wide distribution and involvement in numerous important cellular processes, these enzymes are considered as candidates for drug targets. Better understanding of structures and functions of this important group of enzymes is essential for designing their inhibitors and for synthesis of improved protein-based catalysts.
Plant 2S albumins are known as storage proteins present in seeds of some edible plants such as soybean, sunflower, mustard and Brazil nuts. These proteins have unusual secondary structure resulting from the presence of cysteine-rich motif C-Xn-CXn-CC-Xn-CXC-Xn-C-Xn-C and four disulphide bonds. Due to their structure, 2S albumins are stable to thermal processing and proteolysis. Some of the proteins have been identified as food allergens, but 2S albumins include also proteins of anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. This review describes the properties and structures of the best characterized 2S albumins.
In this report we discuss the possibility of using antisense oligonucleotides specific to PAI-1 mRNA to reversibly decrease PAI-1 level in blood plasma and thus prolong a half-life time endogenous plasminogen activators in circulation.
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