Nowa wersja platformy, zawierająca wyłącznie zasoby pełnotekstowe, jest już dostępna.
Przejdź na https://bibliotekanauki.pl
Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników

Znaleziono wyników: 5

Liczba wyników na stronie
first rewind previous Strona / 1 next fast forward last
Wyniki wyszukiwania
help Sortuj według:

help Ogranicz wyniki do:
first rewind previous Strona / 1 next fast forward last
EN
In the nineteenth century the monopoly of salt industry functioned throughout the Habsburg monarchy. This monopoly acknowledged the underground salt for state ownership. Until the early 1890s the sale of salt took place on free-market principles. Recognizing the need to control the prices of salt as an important article of first necessity, Galician autonomous government decided to organize salt trade themselves. Under the agreement of 1892 with the Austrian government the sale of salt was organized by the National Department. The National Parliament had also set up a special Commission which oversaw the activities of the National Department regarding the sale of salt. The responsibility of the National Department was also to sell kainite (fertilizer salt). At the end of the nineteenth century there functioned 280 stores and 3500 agencies of salt trade under the National Board of Salt in Galicia. Therefore, domestic authorities in Galicia managed to organize the sale of salt at low prices, which was of great importance for the poverty – stricken community of the region. Despite many efforts, the attempts to obtain the right to mine salt under the control of Galician autonomous authorities’ board were unsuccessful.
EN
Galicia was treated by the Austrian authorities as an internal colony, but the degree of colonial subordination varied. The balance of the first, roughly eighty-year period of Austrian rule in Galicia was negative. This region was not covered by the reforms of enlightened absolutism implemented in Austria, Czech and Hungary; it was relegated to the Danube basin countries, where it remained a peripheral province, condemned to economic and social stagnation and cut off from traditional markets. It suffered the colonial politics of Vienna and was ignored in investments. However, the connection with the Habsburg Empire made it possible, especially for Eastern Galicia, to adopt the first pro-Western orientation. The Autonomous Era (from 1867) brought about significant changes in Galicia and the political system was an important factor in economic and civil progress. The import of culture was a phenomenon that brought numerous western European approaches to issues in public utilities, insurance and management. However, the colonial relationship between the metropolis and the province can be seen, for example, in the arrangement of the rail network built in Galicia, or the Vienna government’s economic policy towards the region. The colonial relationship of Galicia and the Habsburg Monarchy, still in evidence today, was manifest in the military sphere.
EN
The author has attempted to outline the issue of housing and the evolution of housing policy in Galicia at the turn of 19th and 20th centuries. Such factors as considerable demographical development in this part of Polish lands in the second half of 19th century and the need to improve the living conditions of the indigent forced the state authorities and autonomous Galician authorities to address the matter. In the Habsburg Monarchy, of which Galicia was a crown land, the public authorities became aware of the housing problem only after the beginning of 20th century. Recognising the need to improve housing conditions, the Austrian government implemented housing reform in a few ways, e.g. they introduced tax allowances and proper legal regulations. Beyond legislative activity, both authorities also took the step of building houses with cheap apartments for their own officials (of different categories) and employees. Municipalities supported the cheap housing associations that had emerged – either by concessions while giving up their own properties, or by joining these organisations as a member. Despite increased activity on the part of state authorities in housing policy and considerable involvement in different public institutions, the housing issue in Galicia remained unsolved. However, the housing conditions changed for the better, especially in bigger cities.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza funkcjonowania handlu w Krakowie i okręgu w latach 1939–1944. Do badań zastosowano metodę statystyczną oraz analizę materiału źródłowego. Analizą został objęty głównie handel legalny, działający zgodnie z obowiązującym ówcześnie systemem prawnym. Po zajęciu ziem polskich w 1939 r. przez wojska niemieckie z części terytorium utworzono Generalne Gubernatorstwo, którego stolicą został Kraków. Obszar ten podzielono na mniejsze jednostki administracyjne – dystrykty. Władze okupacyjne przejęły znaczną część majątku, zwłaszcza żydowskiego, w tym wiele firm handlowych. W okresie okupacji wzrosła w Krakowie i dystrykcie liczba firm zajmujących się handlem hurtowym. Były one w większości własnością niemiecką. Nastąpił natomiast spadek liczby firm handlu detalicznego. W handlu detalicznym dominowały sklepy będące własnością polską. Pod względem branżowym na czołowym miejscu znajdowały się sklepy branży spożywczej lub wielobranżowe. Oprócz handlu oficjalnego rozwijał się handel nielegalny, który stanowił ważne źródło zaopatrzenia mieszkańców. Ceny na rynku nielegalnym były wielokrotnie wyższe niż na legalnym.
EN
The article examines the trade sector in and around Kraków in the years 1939–1944. The statistical method and analysis of the source material were used for its preparation. The analysis covers mainly legal trade operating on the basis of law. After German troops seized Polish lands in 1939, the General Government was formed from a part of the territory, the capital of which was Kraków. This area was divided into smaller administrative units called districts. The occupation authorities took over a large part of the property, especially Jewish property, including numerous trading companies. During the occupation, the number of companies dealing in wholesale trade increased in Kraków and the district. For the most part, the companies were German property. At the same time, the number of retail trade companies, which were owned mainly by Polish citizens, decreased. In terms of industry, food shops and department stores prevailed. In addition to official trade, illegal trade developed and was an important source of supply for residents. Illegal market prices were many times higher than the ones set by legal trade.
PL
Galicja jako wewnętrzna kolonia oraz najuboższy region monarchii habsburskiej poszukiwała możliwości wyjścia z błędnego koła zacofania gospodarczego i modernizacji kraju. Wraz z uzyskaniem autonomii w latach 60. XIX w. następuje stopniowy rozwój gospodarczy tego regionu. Galicyjskie władze autonomiczne prowadzą politykę gospodarczą, której celem jest rozwój różnych sektorów gospodarki. W latach 80. galicyjskie władze autonomiczne podjęły działania, których celem było utworzenie krajowych składów publicznych w zachodniej i wschodniej Galicji, wspomagających rozwój handlu. Po długich staraniach udało się pod koniec lat 80. utworzyć takie składy na zboże i alkohol we Lwowie i Krakowie. Koszty założenia składów pokryte zostały z budżetu krajowego. Składy te przechowywały obce towary za odpłatnością. Skład lwowski funkcjonował tylko kilka lat – już w 1898 r. został zamknięty i wystawiony na sprzedaż. Jednym z powodów likwidacji była zła lokalizacja. Uważano, że gdyby taki skład powstał w Tarnopolu, miałby większe szanse na prowadzenie działalności. Skład krakowski był lepiej zlokalizowany i funkcjonował do końca istnienia Galicji. W składzie krakowskim przechowywane było głównie zboże z Rosji, które eksportowano do Niemiec. Trafiało się także zboże węgierskie i wschodniogalicyjskie, które dostarczano do młynów krakowskich i okolicznych.
EN
As an internal colony and the poorest region of the Habsburg Monarchy, Galicia was looking for opportunities to escape the vicious circle of underdevelopment and to modernise. After gaining its autonomy in the 1860s, the region’s economy gradually improved. The Galician autonomous government implemented economic policy which sought to develop various sectors of the economy. In the 1880s, the Galician autonomous government took measures to establish regional public warehouses in the western and eastern parts of the region, supporting the development of trade. After a great deal of effort, in the late 1880s warehouses were created for grain and alcohol in Lviv and Cracow. Establishment costs were covered by the national budget, and the warehouses stored all foreign goods for a fee. However, the warehouse in Lviv was poorly located, and operated for only a few years before being shuttered and put up for sale in 1898. It was believed that it would have been more likely to succeed had it been built in Ternopil. The warehouse in Cracow, which stored mostly Russian grain being exported to Germany, was better located and operated until Galicia ceased to exist. The Hungarian and Eastern Galician grain stored in Cracow was also processed in flour mills in the city and its surroundings.
first rewind previous Strona / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.