Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Niektore aspekty uprawy buraka cukrowego

100%

Czerwinski J.

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nr 02

13

2

Geologiczne, geomorfologiczne i antropogeniczne uwarunkowania zagrozen powodziowych we Wroclawiu

100%

Czerwinski J.

Czasopismo Geograficzne

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1998

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tom 69

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nr 1

43-63

3

Fine dust or nanoparticles? What's the matter, what is it about?

100%

Czerwinski J.

Journal of KONES

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2008

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tom Vol. 15, No. 4

117-122

EN

Nanoparticles, so tiny that they are invisible, smaller in diameter than the wavelength of visible light, are extremely harmful to human health, much more so than fine dust in the PM10 - PM1 range. If you compare them in size, it's like a pinhead versus a truck wheel. Diameter spectrum of visible particles ranges from about 1fim to about 50fim. PM emissions of new vehicles are very low now, measuring method of PM has already found its limits. For about 20 years there has been thorough and intense research into invisible nanoparticles, size range form about 5 nanometres to 500 nm (1000 nm make one micrometer or 1 fim). There are suitable measuring systems allowing counting those nanoparticles. Due to inherent properties of Diesel engine combustion, those nanoparticles are always generated. About 5% of fine dust in Germany may be attributed to diesel engines. This disregards completely nanoparticles, because they are 100 to 1000 times smaller and their contribution to the mass is negligible. However, just these nanoparticles are most dangerous due to their composition. Introducing Diesel Particle Filter as serial equipment in Diesel engine driven limousines by PEUGEOT was a historic event and demonstrated that reliable DPF's being feasible in mass production and economically viable, filtration efficiency of nanoparticles is excellent, cost increment is such that it need not be separately charged to the customer. Measuring techniques based on mass become troublesome as soon as particles size is smaller than 1 fim. The counting criterion was officially proposed to the High Commission of the EU by Switzerland, later on seconded by Germany and France. In that case particles are not any more placed on a scale, they are counted only, a method borrowed and adapted from nuclear physics.

4

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment, their source, toxicity and levels

100%

Czerwinski J.

Journal of Elementology

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2009

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tom 14

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nr 3 Suppl.

23

5

Czy uprawiac bobik?

100%

Czerwinski J.

Wiadomości Informacje Opinie. Panorama Wsi i Rolnictwa

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2001

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nr 06

22-23

6

Wyniki rachunkowosci rolnej w rejonie Elblag

100%

Czerwinski J.

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nr 11

23-24

7

Rachunkowosc w rejonie Elblag

88%

Czerwinski J.

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nr 09

19-20

8

Odsloniecia utworow zwietrzelinowych - obiekty godne ochrony.

63%

Czerwinski J. , Migon P.

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tom 42

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nr 03

174-178

9

Memorandum of prof. A. K. Oppenheim and an example of application of the Oppenheim correlation (OPC)* for the heat losses during the combustion in IC-engine

63%

Jankowski A. , Czerwinski J.

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tom Vol. 17, No. 2

181-194

EN

The Oppenheim Correlation (OPC) is an empirical algorithm, which allows a simple estimate of heat losses to the wall during the combustion in IC-engine. In present paper the results ofdifferent applications of OPC will be shown. Even if there are still several needs and ideas for further research it can be stated, that the OPC is a promising possibility of modelling the wali heat losses and due to its simplicity it has to be recommended to the engine community. The OPC can be used not only for didactics purposes, but also for quick simulation of wall heat losses and eventuałły for the on-line regulation of the cooling system. In particular basic milestones of calculation of the working cycle, modelling of heat losses according to Oppenheim (OPC), engines and test procedure, examples of the OPC-application are presented in the paper. The OPC can be recommended to the engine community as a good alternative of modelling and calculation of the heat losses trough the combustion chamber wall.

10

Cold start with ethanol-blend fuels and influences on non-legislated emissions of a GDI flex fuel vehicle

63%

Stepien Z. , Czerwinski J.

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tom 26

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nr 5

EN

Using bioalcohols as a renewable energy source to substitute a part of fossil energy traffic and increasing the sustainability of individual transportation are important objectives in several countries. The global share of Bioethanol used for transportation is continuously increasing. Ethanol is a biomass-based renewable fuel that can be produced by alcoholic fermentation of sugar beet, sugar can, corn, and wheat (bio-ethanol), although petro-ethanol also exists, i.e., ethanol produced from fossil fuels. In the present tests we performed repeated cold starts performed with all investigated fuels, in two temperature ranges approaching 0ºC and 20ºC and with online measurement of different legislated and non-legislated emission components. The investigated fuel contained ethanol (E), in the portions of 10% and 85% by volume. The investigated vehicle represented a newer state of technology and an emission level of Euro 5. The engine works with homogenous GDI concept and with 3-W-catalyst (3WC). Since there is a special concern about the particle emissions of gasoline cars with direct injection, the nanoparticle counts measurements were systematically performed. The non-legislated gaseous emissions were tested at the tailpipe with FTIR, this with special focus on NH₃, HCHO (formaldehyde), and MeCHO (acetaldehyde).

11

Influencing (nano)particle emissions of 2-stroke scooters

63%

Czerwinski J. , Comte P.

Journal of KONES

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2005

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tom Vol. 12, No. 1-2

73-82

EN

Limited and nonlimited emissions of scooters were analysed during several annual research programs of the Swiss Agency of Environment Forests and Landscape (SAEFL, BUWAL)*). Small scooters, which are very much used in the congested centres of several cities are a remarkable source of air pollution. Therefore every effort to reduce the emissions is an important contribution to improve the air quality in urban centres. In the present work detailed investigations of particle emissions of different 2-strokescooters with direct injection and with carburettor were performed. The nanoparticulate emissions with different lube oils and fuels were measured by means of SMPS, (CPC) and NanoMet*). Also the particle mass emission (PM) was measured with the same method as for Diesel engines. It can be stated, that the oil and fuel quality have a considerable influence on the particle emissions, which are mainly oil condensates. The engine technology influences the (nano)particle emissions by: mixture preparation, mixture tuning, oil consumption, postoxidation, quality, condition and temperature of the catalyst. Since the particulate emission of the 2-S consists mainly of lube oil condensates the minimization of oil consumption stays always an important goal

12

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in samples of suspended dust from Lublin

63%

Duda A. , Czerwinski J.

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tom 33

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nr 4

13

Alfred Jahn 1915-1999.

63%

Czerwinski J.

Przegląd Geograficzny. Polska Akademia Nauk

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2000

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tom 72

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nr 1-2

153-155

14

Raw vs extruded coloured-flower pea as an ingredient in broiler diets: effects on performance, ileal digestibility, gut morphology, and intestinal microbiota activity

51%

Konieczna P. , Smulikowska S. , Czerwinski J. , Mieczkowska A.

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nr 3

EN

Raw or extruded peas (Pisum sativum, pink-flowered cv. Milwa) were used. Extrusion reduced the trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) from 2.35 to 0.35 mg · g–1, but did not affect tannins content, which was about 1 g · kg–1. A growth trial was conducted on 200 Ross 308 female broilers from day 1 to 35 of age. There were 3 treatment groups from day 1 to 14 including control without peas, 10% raw (RP) and extruded (EP) pea. From day 15 birds were kept individually, in groups of 18, and fed diets containing 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30% RP and EP. Chickens fed EP ate more feed (P ≤ 0.05) but had similar body weight gains and worse feed conversion ratio (P ≤ 0.05) than chickens fed RP. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter was lower in chickens fed EP than RP (P ≤ 0.01), whereas AID of protein did not differ. The AID of starch was 0.835 in the control group, in chickens fed both RP and EP it was, on average, 2 percentage points higher (P ≤ 0.01). In birds fed RP the short-chain fatty acid concentration in ileal digesta was lower (P ≤ 0.05) whereas in caecal digesta higher (P ≤ 0.01) than in birds fed EP. The dietary treatments had no effect on jejunal mucosa morphology. Diets containing up to 30% of peas with a relatively low tannins content and moderate TIA value, can be fed from the third week of life as a partial substitute of soyabean meal in broiler diets. The effects of pea extrusion on ileal nutrient digestibility and activity of gut microbiota was too small to affect performance

15

Changes of the 2-stroke aerosol in the exhaust sampling system

51%

Czerwinski J. , Comte P. , Mayer A. , Reutimann F.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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tom Vol. 19, No. 2

109-119

EN

Nanoparticle emissions of two 2-stroke scooters were investigated along the exhaust- and CVS-system (Constant Volume Sampling) with closed and with open line (cone). Due to their technology, the scooters produce different kind of aerosol (state of oxidation & SOF-content) and in addition to that they were operated with and without oxidation catalyst. The scooters represent a modern technology with direct injection TSDI* ) (two stroke direct injection) and with carburettor. The tests were performed at two constant speeds of the vehicles (20 km/h & 40 km/h) according to the measuring procedures, which were established in the previous research in the Swiss Scooter Network. The nanoparticulate emissions were measured by means of SMPS (CPC) and NanoMet (abbreviations see at the end of this paper). The most important results are: - the changes of the PSD's of the aerosol along the exhaust and CVS-system are connected to the average gas temperature and PC-concentration, which result after the different dilution steps and cooling down in the connecting pipe, - in the "open" variant of exhaust gas extraction there is a dilution step with unfiltered ambient air directly after tailpipe. This causes a stop of agglomeration, reduction of diffusion loses and increased background NPconcentration. There is also lower post oxidation of CO & HC. In some cases spontaneous condensates due to the temperature drop are supposed, - with the "closed" variant there is a stronger reduction of SMPS PC's along the gas way, than with the open variant. This is to explain with the higher temperatures and concentrations in the closed system, which enable more intense thermophoresis - and diffusion losses, - the NP-concentrations measured with "open" variant are always higher, - most intense oxidation is observed with Peugeot Carb: due to the SAS, rich tuning and a relatively high temperature level there are oxidation effects already without catalyst (temp. approx. 350 centigrade). With catalyst the temperature is in the range of 400centigrade and the oxidation is so intense, that the particles are nearly eliminated. The type of sampling: "open", or "closed" as well as the sampling position in the exhaust installation have significant influence on the measured nanoparticles emission results.

16

Testing emissions of passenger cars in laboratory and on-road (PEMS, RDE)

51%

Czerwinski J. , Comte P. , Zimmerli Y. , Reutimann F.

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2016

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tom R. 55, nr 3

17--23

EN

In the present paper, the results and experiences of testing different PEMS on the chassis dynamometer and on-road are presented. In the first part of work the measuring systems were installed on the same vehicle (Seat Leon 1.4 TSI ST) and the results were compared on the chassis dynamometer in the standard test cycles: NEDC, WLTC and CADC. in the second part of work the nanoparticle emissions of three Diesel cars were measured with PN-PEMS. PN-PEMS showed an excellent correlations with CPC in the tests on chassis dynamometer and it indicated very well the efficiency of DPF in eliminating the nanoparticles in real world driving.

17

Badania eliminacji pestycydow podczas ozonowania wody pitnej

51%

Zaleska A. , Hupka J. , Czerwinski J. , Biziuk M.

Pestycydy

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1998

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nr 4

43-50

18

Nutritional value of rapeseed expeller cake for broilers: effect of dry extrusion

51%

Smulikowska S. , Czerwinski J. , Mieczkowska A.

Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences

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2006

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tom 15

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nr 3

445-453

EN

The effect of extrusion, applied in the production of cold-pressed rapeseed cake on its nutritional value for broilers was evaluated. Two experiments were performed on 55 female broiler chickens, kept individually and allocated to 2 groups of 14 birds (growth trial) or to 3 groups of 9 chickens (digestibility trial). Rapeseed cakes pressed once (RC) or extruded and pressed again (RCE) were mixed in a 6:4 proportion with a basal diet and used in a balance trial with 3-week-old chickens. Furthermore, they were included into wheat-soyabean meal diets at a level of 100 or 150 g/kg and fed during 1-3 and 4-6 weeks of age, respectively, in a growth trial. Due to extrusion and additional pressing, the amount of crude fat decreased from17.4% in RC to 10% in REC, fat digestibility increased from 83 to 91% (P<0.01), protein digestibility decreased from 79 to 76% (P<0.01), and the metabolizable energy value decreased from 13.8 to 11.4 MJ/kg DM (P<0.01). Broilers ate more of the REC diet compared with the RC diet and their final body weight gain was higher (2.61 vs 2.39 kg; P<0.05). This, as well as a lower relative mass of the liver (P<0.05) and kidneys (P<0.01) and a slightly lower mass of thyroids, indicates that extrusion resulted in partial inactivation of the antinutritional factors present in rape seeds.

19

Current trends in measurement and control of particle emissions from engines : perspectives from the 1st Workshop on Particulate Matter Emissions from Engine and Automobile Sources, 2 July 2012, Bielsko-Biala, Poland

51%

Bielaczyc P. , Czerwinski J. , Woodburn J.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2012

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tom R. 51, nr 3

89-98

EN

BOSMAL recently hosted the 1st Workshop on Particulate Matter Emissions from Engine and Automobile Sources, entitled Current trends in measurement and control of particle emissions from engines, which featured a series of specially-selected presentations from experts on emissions of particulate matter from automotive sources, with both industry and academia represented. The workshop's technical programme consisted of one keynote address, five presentations and an expert panel discussion. In common with the emissions symposium hosted by BOSMAL somewhat earlier in the year, the Particulate Matter Workshop formed part of a series of events to commemorate BOSMAL's 40th anniversary. The event built upon and the achievements of BOSMAL's three emissions symposia hosted to date, but altered the format somewhat to cover a concrete subject in great depth. Some of the most important trends mentioned during the symposium included: problems encountered in accurately measuring particle emissions from vehicles, the particle mass and particle number metrics and the relationship between them, particle size profile and surface area and aftertreatment systems for elimination of particles (including for direct injection petrol engines).

PL

Zmniejszenie emisji związków szkodliwych i toksycznych spalin silnikowych, jak również zmniejszenie globalnej, antropogenicznej emisji CO2 są głównymi wyzwaniami dla przemysłu motoryzacyjnego, spowodowanymi czynnikami politycznymi, ekonomicznymi i technicznymi. Coraz większe znaczenie ma również ograniczanie emisji cząstek stałych (PM) obecnych w spalinach nie tylko silników o zapłonie samoczynnym (ZS), ale także o zapłonie iskrowym (ZI), szczególnie wyposażonych w układ bezpośredniego wtrysku paliwa. W ostatnim czasie zwraca się szczególną uwagę na ograniczanie emisji cząstek o małych średnicach - nanocząstek, przez wprowadzenie limitów emisji dotyczących masy emitowanych cząstek, a także ich liczby, a w przyszłości także ich powierzchni całkowitej. Instytut Badań i Rozwoju Motoryzacji BOSMAL sp. z o.o. w Bielsku-Białej był organizatorem, przy współpracy z prof. Janem Czerwińskim z Laboratorium Silników Spalinowych (AFBH) Uniwersytetu Nauk Stosowanych w Biel i dr. Andreasem Mayerem - TTM ze Szwajcarii, oraz gospodarzem pierwszego międzynarodowego spotkania specjalistów zajmujących się ograniczaniem emisji cząstek stałych w gazach spalinowych pojazdów samochodowych - 1st International Workshop on Particulate Matter Emissions from Engine and Automobile Sources, które odbyło się 2 lipca 2012 r. w Bielsku-Białej. Spotkanie to było również jedną z kilku uroczystości związanych z czterdziestoleciem Instytutu BOSMAL, który jest sukcesorem OBR SM BOSMAL w Bielsku-Białej. W pierwszym spotkaniu specjalistów PM uczestniczyli przedstawiciele 14 firm z przemysłu motoryzacyjnego i paliwowego oraz instytutów badawczych i uczelni technicznych z 7 krajów. W czasie tego spotkania był zaprezentowany referat programowy wygłoszony przez znanego światowego eksperta ds. emisji nanocząstek prof. Davida B. Kittelsona z Uniwersytetu Minnesota - USA oraz pięć innych referatów zaprezentowanych przez znanych specjalistów w tym zakresie: Manfereda Linke z AVL - Austria, dr Amandę Lea-Langton z Leeds University - Anglia, dr. Paula Zelenkę z VERT Association - Szwajcaria i prof. Jana Czerwińskiego z AFBH - Szwajcaria, a z ramienia BOSMAL referat dotyczący doświadczeń tej firmy w badaniach emisji cząstek stałych zaprezentowali dr. Piotr Bielaczyc i Joseph Woodburn. Bardzo istotna podczas tego spotkania była dyskusja panelowa, podczas której zaproszeni eksperci oraz przedstawiciele uczestniczących firm odpowiadali na pytania dotyczące podstawowych zagadnień związanych z ograniczaniem emisji cząstek stałych, przygotowane przez zespół prof. Jerzego Merkisza z Politechniki Poznańskiej, zagadnień związanych z porównaniem emisji liczby i masy cząstek stałych i metod ich pomiaru, z emisją cząstek stałych z nowoczesnych silników z bezpośrednim wtryskiem paliwa do komory spalania, możliwością pomiaru liczby cząstek o określonych średnicach, porównaniem laboratoryjnych metod pomiaru emisji cząstek z metodą pomiaru ich rzeczywistej emisji w czasie ruch pojazdu na drodze, a także prowadzili dyskusję na temat dalszych kierunków rozwoju metod pomiarowych i ograniczania emisji PM z różnych typów silników i pojazdów. Ponieważ silniki spalinowe będą przez jeszcze wiele lat podstawowym źródłem napędu różnych pojazdów i maszyn roboczych, więc ograniczanie emisji związków szkodliwych i toksycznych, do których zaliczana jest również emisja cząstek stałych, a szczególnie nanocząstek, pozostaje jednym z najważniejszych problemów do rozwiązania dla konstruktorów tych silników i pojazdów, nie tylko wyposażonych w silniki z zapłonem samoczynnym, ale także z zapłonem iskrowym, z układami bezpośredniego wtrysku benzyny do komory spalania silnika (GDI). Emisja cząstek stałych jest ograniczana przepisami prawnymi dotyczącymi maksymalnej masy emitowanych cząstek zebranych na filtrach pomiarowych podczas specjalnych cykli badawczych i dla niektórych typów silników również liczby emitowanych nanocząstek (PN). Wkrótce będzie ograniczona dla wszystkich typów silników spalinowych w ich różnych zastosowaniach. Korelacja masy (PM) i liczby (PN) cząstek stałych jest bardzo trudna. W przepisach Unii Europejskiej obie te wartości są obecnie limitowane dla silników samochodowych. Dla nowoczesnych pojazdów z silnikami ZS, wyposażonych w filtry cząstek stałych (DPF), które w dużym stopniu ograniczają emisje cząstek, właśnie pomiar ich liczby staje się podstawowym pomiarem do określenia poziomu emisji cząstek stałych silnika w odniesieniu do obowiązujących limitów. Limit maksymalnej dopuszczalnej emisji PN będzie także wyprowadzony w przepisach Euro 6-1 dla pojazdów z silnikami GDI. Trwa obecnie dyskusja nad wprowadzeniem limitowania liczby cząstek PN również w przepisach USA i Japonii.

20

Conditions of NO2-production in catalyzed DPF-systems

51%

Mayer A. , Czerwinski J. , Zelenka P.

Silniki Spalinowe

|

2012

|

tom R. 51, nr 3

3-16

EN

NO2 is much more toxic than NO. Due to the use of oxidation catalysts and catalytic coatings in the exhaust gas systems in the last decades and due to the use of low sulphur fuels the average NO2-portion in exhaust gases of vehicles increases. Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) and Pt-containing DPF-coatings are generally used to support the regeneration of particle filters, which can be a source of strongly increased NO2-production. The present work shows some examples and summarizes the experiences in this matter elaborated at the Laboratories for IC-Engines & Exhaust Emissions Control (AFHB) of the University of Applied Sciences Biel-Bienne, Switzerland, during some research activities on engine dynamometers in the years 2010-2012. In general it can be stated: 1) with a Pt-coated catalyst (DOC), or with catalytic surface filter (CSF) there is a maximum of NO2/ NOx - ratio typically in the exhaust gas temperature range around 350 °C, 2) with higher Pt-content in the coating there is a higher potential for NO2-formation, 3) lower NO2-production appears with: higher spatial velocity, higher S-content in fuel and with DOC/DPF used and/or soot loaded, 4) in some cases of semi active regeneration systems, or with the use of RME conditions with higher NO2-rates can appear.

PL

W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach w układach wylotowych silników spalinowych zastosowano reaktory utleniające z powłokami katalitycznymi oraz wprowadzono paliwa o niskiej zawartości siarki, czego wynikiem jest wzrost zawartości NO2 w gazach wylotowych silników spalinowych. NO2 jest znacznie bardziej toksycznym związkiem niż NO. Katalityczne reaktory utleniające i filtry cząstek stałych z naniesionymi powłokami zawierającymi platynę są przeważnie wykorzystywane w celu ułatwienia regeneracji filtrów cząstek stałych. W niniejszej pracy zawarto wyniki badań podsumowujące działalność badawczą Laboratoriów Silników Spalinowych i Pomiarów Emisji Spalin, prowadzoną na uniwersytecie w Biel-Bienne (Szwajcaria) w latach 2010-2012. Na podstawie wykonanych badań stwierdzono, że: 1) stosując reaktory utleniające z powłokami zawierającymi platynę lub inny materiał katalityczny maksymalna wartość proporcji NO2/NOx jest osiągana przy temperaturze gazów wylotowych wynoszącej ok. 350 °C, 2) zwiększenie zawartości platyny w powłoce katalitycznej sprzyja zwiększeniu intensywności tworzenia NO2, 3) mniejsza intensywność tworzenia NO2 następuje wraz ze zwiększeniem względnej prędkości przepływu spalin, zwiększeniem zawartości siarki w paliwie oraz dzięki zastosowaniu reaktora utleniającego/filtra cząstek stałych i/lub zapełniony filtr cząstek stałych, 4) w niektórych przypadkach regeneracji półaktywnej oraz podczas stosowania estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych może nastąpić zwiększenie emisji NO2.